<p>The Cyrus Gates Farmstead is located in Maine, New York. Cyrus Gates was a cartographer and map maker for New York State, as well as an abolitionist. The great granddaughter of Cyrus-Louise Gates-Gunsalus has stated that from 1848 until the end of slavery in the United States in 1865, the Cyrus Gates Farmstead was a station or stop on the Underground Railroad . Its owners, Cyrus and Arabella Gates, were outspoken abolitionists as well as active and vital members of their community. Historian Shirley L. Woodward states that through those years escaped slaves came through the Gates&#39; station.</p><br>
<p>One runaway female slave, a 16-year-old girl named Margaret "Marge" Cruizer was so comfortable with the Gates family that she decided to stay at their station and live with them. Marge ended up spending the rest of her life with the Gates and is buried in the cemetery next to the house. (Woodward 1973 pp 52–53). Margaret was also known as the wife of Thomas "Old Bay Tom" Crocker. Mr. Crocker was famous for being the first African-American to be elected as mayor of Binghamton, New York, albeit a protest vote that was reversed in the election of 1872. (Smith 2014).</p><br>
<h2>Role of the Farmstead</h2><br>
<p>Owning a station or being a conductor on the Underground Railroad (UGRR) was most certainly illegal behavior, although not considered unethical behavior by many people. In light of this, participation in the Underground Railroad was very secretive; records were not usually, if ever kept of the comings and goings at stations. It would be an unwise act to record illegal behavior, especially in New York where the Northern Democrats were strong. In fact Cyrus&#39; own brother William Gates was an ardent Copperhead and after an argument with Cyrus over "breaking the law" moved out of the family house. In light of this it is easier to see why much of the history of this vast network of stations has been passed down through oral history.</p><br>
<p>The oral history of the Cyrus Gates Farmstead says that the main house was used before and after the Civil War as a station on the Underground Railway and that Cyrus and Arabella Gates were station hosts or conductors. The following is a statement made by Cyrus Gates&#39; great-granddaughter, Louise Gates-Gunsalus (1894-1982):</p><br>
<p>"I know of only one route in Maine township for the travel and care of slaves. This route has, as far as I have been told, its first point of contact in a home in Vestal, New York. Its next station, or stop, the Luce home on Route 26, south of Union Center, and next, to the Russell Gates home. The next and last known point was the Bushnell home on the Newark Valley, Dryden Road at the crossroad where the Bushnell house stood. From there the next station was in or near Ithaca, but where I have no information." (Woodward 1973 p. 52)</p><br>
<p>As UGRR historian Milton Sernett has referenced: To facilitate the harboring and if necessary the hiding of runaway slaves, the Gates built a hiding place inside the south wing of their attic. Inside the master bedroom upstairs, an access panel was made inside of one of the closets. The old leather thong used to close the panel to the wall is still there to this day. This panel would give assess to an area that was roughly 20 feet by 10 feet by four feet high. It is not known if runaways were actually ever forced to retreat to this area. There would probably have to be a high level of concern, such as a bounty hunter in the area to necessitate the hiding of slaves inside the house. (Sernett 2002, p162)</p><br>
<h2>Underground Railroad Connection</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Tier of New York State was a key geographic area for runaway slaves, whether on their own or as a part of the Underground Railroad (UGRR). Broome County, New York stands midway between a Philadelphia UGRR launch point such as William Still&#39;s and the significant UGRR station zone of abolitionist Gerrit Smith in Peterboro, NY. As the most well known of UGRR conductors, Harriet Tubman frequently traveled this area. She made several trips from the South to Upstate New York stations such as the Smiths and possibly the Gates, St. James AME Zion Church (Ithaca, New York), and eventually to final stops in places like St. Catharines, Ontario. In addition, Harriet Tubman lived in Auburn, New York where as a member of the Thompson AME Zion Church she started the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged.</p><br>
<p>Slaves traveled from the South to the North from station to station mostly under the cover of darkness. Often, once runaways got into the states of Pennsylvania and Ohio, they were not in much danger of being captured by bounty hunters or the police. Runaways in New York often worked and did chores with the station owners during the day.</p><br>
<p>In 1850 the United States government, in trying to prevent a war between the slave and non-slave states, passed the new and more aggressive Fugitive Slave Act. This law gave bounty hunters from the South more rights to chase slaves into the North and forced Northern police officers into arresting and returning runaway slaves that they captured. Abolitionists hated the Fugitive Slave Act, and started working with more intensity and urgency to find ways to end slavery. Southern slave plantation owners hated Northern abolitionists because the abolitionists wanted to end slavery which in turn would mean that the plantation owners would lose their laborers, considered as their chattel.</p><br>
<p>The average slave was worth a lot of money to a slave owner-about $1,000 in the 1860s, so owners would pay bounty hunters to bring runaway slaves back to them or pay upon delivery of the runaway slave.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Registry</h2><br>
<p>The Cyrus Gates Farmstead was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. In addition to the main Greek Revival farmhouse, the farmstead contains two barns (one built in 1836), a tenant farmers house, a bee keepers house or sugar shack, a blacksmiths shop, a four-seat outhouse, and a pole barn. The placement was based on the homes Greek Revival architecture, the importance of Cyrus Gates, a cartographer and mapmaker for the State of New York and its strong oral history as a stop on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The Old Dutch Parsonage is a historic house built in 1751, moved about 1913 and now located at 65 Washington Place, in the borough of Somerville in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1971, for its significance in education and religion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The -story brick house was the home of the first ministers of the first Dutch Reformed Churches in the area, built by the combined efforts of the congregations in Somerville, New Jersey, and Raritan, New Jersey, in 1751.</p><br>
<p>The first occupant was Reverend John Frelinghuysen who taught seminarians in the house. His son Frederick Frelinghuysen was a captain in the Continental Army.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, one of the seminarians who occupied the house after Frelinghuysens death along with the former reverends widow and her children, succeeded Frelinghuysen as minister, occupant of the house, and, in 1756, as husband to the former Mrs. Frelinghuysen.</p><br>
<p>Hardenbergh helped establish Queen&#39;s College, now known as Rutgers University, in 1766 and in 1785 became its first president. He moved from the house in 1781, but it continued in use as a parsonage until 1810.</p><br>
<p>Peter Stryker bought the house in 1810 and sold it to the Doughty family in 1836. They owned it until 1907 when they sold it to the Central Railroad of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the house was set to be knocked down by the railroad, but instead it was moved adjacent to the Wallace House, which was built in 1775.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>The Old Dutch Parsonage Burial Ground located behind the house contains early-18th-century graves.</p><br>
<p>Harmanus Barkeloo II (1745–1788) and John Waldron (1737–1790) are buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Wallace House is a Georgian style historic house, which served as the headquarters of General George Washington during the second Middlebrook encampment , located at 38 Washington Place, Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, a Dutch Reformed minister who lived in the nearby Old Dutch Parsonage, sold a small farmhouse and 95 acre of land to John Wallace, who was a merchant and fabric importer in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>In 1775 and 1776, Wallace bought 12 acre more land, and in 1776 built an eight-room Georgian mansion next to the farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>Wallace named the estate "Hope Farm," and planned to retire there.</p><br>
<p>The Continental Army camped in the Watchung Mountains at Middlebrook, 3 mi from Hope Farm during the winter of 1778–79.</p><br>
<p>The Wallace House became George Washington&#39;s headquarters, though he only stayed there for 11 days before leaving to attend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia for 6 weeks. Washington returned in February 1779 bringing his wife Martha. The Washingtons were given use of half the house. He then used the house to host foreign dignitaries and official dinners, and to plan military strategy.</p><br>
<p>In particular, he planned the 1779 campaign against the Iroquois League known as the Sullivan Expedition. Guests at the parties included Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Baron Steuben.</p><br>
<p>Washington left on June 3, 1779, and paid Wallace $1,000.</p><br>
<p>The Wallace family and their slaves then returned to their normal lives in the house.</p><br>
<p>John Wallace, his wife, and his mother-in-law all died in 1783–84, and his youngest son William inherited Hope Farm.</p><br>
<p>William lived there until he died at age 33 in 1796, leaving three orphan children.</p><br>
<p>William&#39;s brother Joshua took care of the children and sold Hope Farm to Dickinson Miller in 1801.</p><br>
<p>The Revolutionary Memorial Society bought the house in 1896, and gave it to the State of New Jersey in 1947.</p><br>
<p>The Old Man House was the largest winter longhouse in what is now the USA state of Washington, once standing on the shore of Puget Sound. It was the center of the Suquamish village of dxʷsəq̓ʷəb on Agate Pass, just south of the present-day town of Suquamish. At one time, it was home to the famous Suquamish chiefs Kitsap and Seattle .</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and name</h2><br>
<p>The Lushootseed name of the site upon which the house was located is dxʷsəq̓ʷəb, meaning "clear salt water," and is the origin of the name of the Suquamish people: dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš (which means "people of the clear salt water").</p><br>
<p>The name "Old Man House" comes from the Chinook Jargon word "oleman" meaning "old, worn out," but also meaning "from the old times". "House" in Chinook Jargon refers to any kind of building, or even to individual rooms within them.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archeological investigations have revealed that the village site was occupied for at least 2000 years. Accounts vary as to when the longhouse itself was constructed; many sources indicate it was built in the late 18th or early 19th century, but it might have been built earlier. Reports of the longhouse&#39;s size also vary, putting its length between 600 and 1000 feet (approximately 200–300 m).</p><br>
<p>The lands around Old Man House were retained by the Suquamish tribe after the Point Elliott Treaty was signed in 1855, becoming the Port Madison Indian Reservation. The longhouse was burned down by the USA government in 1870 under the orders of William DeShaw, the Indian agent at the reservation. Despite being a close friend of Chief Seattle, DeShaw ordered the Old Man Houses destruction after Seattles death to force the Suquamish to build single-family residences instead of communal dwellings. After it was burned, however, the Suquamish rebuilt their village at the site and continued to live there, which led to DeShaw resigning from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 the federal government divided the reservation into allotments which were assigned to individual Suquamish families. In 1904 the USA War Department acquired land along Agate Pass, including the site of Old Man House, to build fortifications to protect the new naval shipyards at Bremerton. The destruction of the longhouse was intended to encourage the Suquamish to spread out across their reservation and take up farming. The village site had to be moved, and the tribe lost much of its water access. The fortifications were never built, and the land purchased by the military was eventually sold in 1937 to a private developer and subdivided for vacation homes. In 1950, the Washington Parks and Recreation Department purchased an acre of waterfront where Old Man House had been located and set it aside as a state park. The park was returned to the Suquamish Tribe on August 12, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Farmington, an 18 acre historic site in Louisville, Kentucky, was once the center of a hemp plantation owned by John and Lucy Speed. The 14-room, Federal-style brick plantation house was possibly based on a design by Thomas Jefferson and has several Jeffersonian architectural features. As many as 64 African Americans were enslaved by the Speed family at Farmington.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Farmington site was part of a military land grant given to Captain James Speed in 1780. His son, John Speed, completed Farmington on a tract of land in 1816. Built in the Federal architectural style, the house is based on plans by Thomas Jefferson, which are now in the Coolidge Collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Speed built the house for his wife, Lucy Gilmer Fry, daughter of Joshua Fry and granddaughter of Dr. Thomas Walker, the guardian of Thomas Jefferson. Her aunt and uncle&#39;s home in Charlottesville, Virginia was called Farmington and had an addition designed by Thomas Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>Their son, Joshua Fry Speed, was an intimate, lifelong friend of Abraham Lincoln. While courting Mary Todd, Lincoln spent three weeks at Farmington in 1841 while recovering from mental and physical exhaustion. It was during this visit to Farmington in 1841 that Abraham Lincoln witnessed slavery on a plantation first-hand and he saw enslaved people chained together after he boarded a steamboat at the Louisville waterfront. In an 1855 letter to Joshua Speed, Lincoln wrote that the scene had continued to torment him.</p><br>
<p>John and Lucy&#39;s son, James Speed, was appointed Attorney General of the United States by Lincoln in 1863.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Farmington consists of a single story above a raised basement. The building is roughly a square shape, measuring 62 ft wide by 50 ft long. There are 14 rooms of living quarters on the first floor, with servants and childrens rooms on the basement floor. The first story is about five feet above ground level, with the basement windows completely above ground. All rooms in the basement are finished.</p><br>
<p>A simplified classical cornice under the hipped roof helps give the house its pleasing, proportional appearance. The front entrance is a tetrastyle portico (porch) with slender Doric columns, reached by 11 steps. The porch&#39;s gable features a semi-circular ventilation window.</p><br>
<p>The front door opens into a central hall which has a door at the back leading to a rear hall. These two halls give access to all rooms on the first floor, as well as stairs to the basement and attic. The stairs are hidden, which is a common feature of homes designed by Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>A notable feature of the first floor are two 24 ft wide octagonal rooms, another distinctive feature of Jeffersonian architecture. One of the octagonal rooms is a dining hall, the other is a parlor. Other rooms on the first floor are two bedrooms, a study and a family sitting room.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Farmington has been restored as a tourist attraction and a re-creation of a 19th-century plantation. The house itself had been altered little at the time it was purchased by the Historic Homes Foundation for preservation in 1958. The only substantial change in its interior or exterior appearance since construction was the installation of a tin roof in place of the original wood shingles, which was done for fire safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>As of 2011, Farmington and a small visitors center are open to the public for tours and the site is available for special events and rentals.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Farmingtons owner, Historic Homes Foundation, Inc., entered into an agreement to sell 5 of the landmarks 18 acres to an adjoining landowner, Sullivan University, for use as a 300-space parking lot to be shared by both entities. Controversial questions about the proposal were raised in online media leading up to its consideration in the February 3, 2013, meeting of the Metro Louisville Landmarks Commission&#39;s Individual Landmarks Architectural Review Committee.</p><br>
<p>The Johnston–Felton–Hay House, often abbreviated Hay House, is a historic residence at 934 Georgia Avenue in Macon, Georgia. Built between 1855 and 1859 by William Butler Johnston and his wife Anne Tracy Johnston in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, the house has been called the "Palace of the South." The mansion sits atop Coleman Hill on Georgia Avenue in downtown Macon, near the Walter F. George School of Law, part of Mercer University. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architectural uniqueness.</p><br>
<p>The 18,000 ft&sup2, 24-room home was designed by the New York architect T. Thomas and Son. It was built in part by craftsman and artisans brought from Italy who were supervised by local master builder James B. Ayers. It has four levels and is crowned by a three-story cupola. Commissioned by imaginative owners and constructed by the most skillful workers of the time, its technological amenities were unsurpassed in the mid-nineteenth century: hot and cold running water, central heat, a speaker-tube system connecting 15 rooms, a French lift equivalent to today&#39;s elevator, in-house kitchen, and an elaborate ventilation system.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>Two families lived in Hay House, the first over four generations. Most of the homes present-day furnishings date from the Hay familys occupancy (1926–1962). A few pieces are from the Johnston family (1860–1896), most notably the Eastlake-style dining room suite. The most notable piece in the collection may be the 1857 marble statue, "Ruth Gleaning", by American expatriate sculptor Randolph Rogers.</p><br>
<p>The home was a place of comfort for the Johnston family and their daughters until the late 1800s. In 1896 after the death of Mrs. Johnston, their daughter Mary Ellen Felton and her husband lived in the home. The Feltons updated the plumbing and electricity and stayed in the home until the time of their deaths in 1926.</p><br>
<h3>The Johnstons</h3><br>
<p>William Butler Johnston obtained his substantial wealth through investments in banking, railroads and public utilities rather than from the agrarian cotton economy. In 1851, he married Anne Clark Tracy, 20 years his junior, and the couple embarked on an extended honeymoon in Europe from 1852 to 1855. During their trip, the Johnstons visited hundreds of museums, historic sites and art studios. They collected fine porcelains, sculptures and paintings as mementos during their grand tour. Inspired by the Italian architecture they observed, the Johnstons constructed the monumental Italian Renaissance Revival mansion in Macon upon their return to America. Only two of the Johnstons&#39; six children survived to adulthood. Caroline and Mary Ellen Johnston were born in 1862 and 1864, respectively, and grew up in the house on Georgia Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>The Feltons</h3><br>
<p>After the death of Mrs. Johnston in 1896, daughter Mary Ellen and her husband, Judge William H. Felton, lived in the house. They remodeled and redecorated parts of the house, updated the plumbing and added electricity. Their only child, William Hamilton Felton Jr., was born in 1889. He married Luisa Macgill Gibson in 1915, and the newlywed couple soon moved in with the Feltons. They and their two sons, William Hamilton Felton III and George Gibson Felton, lived in the house until 1926.</p><br>
<h3>The Hays</h3><br>
<p>After the deaths of William Sr. and Mary Ellen Felton, the house was sold to Parks Lee Hay and his wife, Maude. After purchasing, the Hays redecorated the entire home, updating it to fit the new twentieth-century décor. The home was seen as a local landmark to all in middle Georgia. Mr. Hay died in 1957, and Mrs. Hay died in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Following Mrs. Hay&#39;s death, her heirs established the P.L. Hay Foundation and operated the house as a private house museum. By virtue of its national architectural significance, Hay House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. In 1977, the ownership and operation of the house was formally transferred to The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation to ensure its long-term preservation.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the White House Millennium Council designated Hay House an Official Project of Save Americas Treasures in 2000. Today, Hay House is one of Macons most popular tourist attractions with 20,000 visitors each year. The house is also a prominent rental venue for special events.</p><br>
<h3>Hay House campaign</h3><br>
<p>Recently, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation which oversees the management and maintenance of Hay House embarked on a successful $7.6 million capital campaign for the restoration and maintenance of the building. Of the money raised in the capital campaign, $3.5 million was earmarked to establish an endowment for ongoing maintenance. A need of $17.5 million has been identified to fund a complete restoration of the Hay House and permanently endow all future maintenance and management.</p><br>
<p>The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation received a number of donations and grants including a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts, and an Architectural Conservation grant from the Getty Foundation.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Today, Hay House is open to visitors. Tours are held daily. Some of the plants in the landscaping of the home date back to the 19th century. Renovations continue to occur to keep Hay House up to date. Upcoming projects include a redesign of the gift shop, including new insulation, and writing specifications for mortar repairs outside of the building. Half of the money raised in the capital campaign was allocated for restoration of the exterior, cupola, and most public rooms of the house. Other restoration efforts include repairing the porch and stairs, masonry, and window and door shutter; conserving the stained glass; installing UV protection on windows; restoring the ground floor, attic, and cupola; lighting the 8,000-gallon water tank interior to illustrate the technological innovations of the house; conserving the collections of paintings and porcelain; and repairing the exterior grounds. Original furnishings and decorations in the downstairs rooms are also being researched in order to accurately restore the wall coverings, paint finishes, and furniture upholstery to their appearance during the Hay family&#39;s residency in the house.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house served as the filming location for the debutante ball scene in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm.</p><br>
<p>Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum is a nonprofit rural cemetery and arboretum located at 4521 Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. At a size of 733 acres , it is the third largest cemetery in the United States, after the Calverton National Cemetery and Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery. The cemetery dates back to 1844 and is recognized as a US National Historic Landmark due to its age, architecture, and notable burials.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery dates from 1844, when members of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society formed a cemetery association. They took their inspiration from contemporary rural cemeteries such as Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, and Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The numerous springs and groves suggested the name "Spring Grove". On December 1, 1844, Salmon P. Chase and others prepared the Articles of Incorporation. The cemetery was designed by Howard Daniels and formally chartered on January 21, 1845. The first burial took place on September 1, 1845.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, Adolph Strauch, a renowned landscape architect, was hired to beautify the grounds. His sense and layout of the "garden cemetery" made of lakes, trees and shrubs, is what visitors today still see. He created a more open landscape by setting limits on private enclosures and monument heights. The results of the redesign earned Strauch praise in the USA and abroad, including from Frederick Law Olmsted and the French landscape architect Edouard André. On March 29, 2007, the cemetery was designated a National Historic Landmark. The Spring Grove Cemetery Chapel is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On October 23, 2013, cemetery staff removed a large and potentially disturbing SpongeBob SquarePants headstone from the grave of USA Army Corporal Kimberly Walker and another for her still-living sister a day after her funeral. The family believed they had permission from a worker, who management said had erred. In February 2014, both parties agreed to reinstate the statues with granite slabs largely hiding them from passersby.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Spring Grove encompasses 733 acre of which 400 acre are currently landscaped and maintained. Its grounds include 12 ponds, many fine tombstones and memorials, and various examples of Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>As of 2005, its National Champion trees were Cladrastis kentukea and Halesia diptera; its State Champion trees included Abies cilicica, Abies koreana, Cedrus libani, Chionanthus virginicus, Eucommia ulmoides, Halesia parvifolia, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Phellodendron amurense, Picea orientalis, Picea polita, Pinus flexilis, Pinus griffithi, Pinus monticola, Quercus cerris, Quercus nigra, Taxodium distichum, Ulmus serotina, and Zelkova serrata.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>See also :Category:Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Ammen, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Longworth Anderson, Civil War colonel</p><br>
<p>Joshua Hall Bates, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Richard M. Bishop, Cincinnati Mayor and Ohio Governor</p><br>
<p>George K. Brady, United States Army officer. Briefly commander of the Department of Alaska</p><br>
<p>Emma Lucy Braun, botanist</p><br>
<p>Charles Elwood Brown, Civil War brevet brigadier general and USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Sidney Burbank, Civil War colonel</p><br>
<p>Jacob Burnet, US Senator</p><br>
<p>Samuel Fenton Cary, Congressman, prohibitionist</p><br>
<p>Kate Chase, daughter of Salmon Chase and Washington, D.C. Civil War socialite</p><br>
<p>Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States</p><br>
<p>Henry M. Cist, Civil War brevet brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Levi Coffin, Quaker abolitionist</p><br>
<p>George B. Cox, Cincinnati political boss and associate of William Howard Taft</p><br>
<p>Arthur F. Devereux, Brevet Brigadier General during the Civil War; from Salem, Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Daniel Drake, physician and writer</p><br>
<p>Charles L. Fleischmann, yeast manufacturer</p><br>
<p>Joseph Benson Foraker, Governor of Ohio, USA Senator, Judge, American Civil War Captain</p><br>
<p>Manning Force, Civil War Brevet Brigadier General, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>George Benson Fox, Civil War officer, 75th Ohio Infantry, manufacturer, Ohio General Assembly</p><br>
<p>James Gamble, co-founder of Procter & Gamble Company</p><br>
<p>Kenner Garrard, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Heinie Groh, Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame third baseman</p><br>
<p>Theodore Sommers Henderson, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Andrew Hickenlooper, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Joseph Hooker, Civil War general and commander of the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville</p><br>
<p>Waite Hoyt, professional baseball player; Hall of Fame pitcher</p><br>
<p>Miller Huggins, Hall of Fame baseball manager of New York Yankees during Babe Ruth era</p><br>
<p>Isaac M. Jordan, one of the seven founders of Sigma Chi Fraternity</p><br>
<p>John William Kilbreth, USA Army brigadier general during World War I</p><br>
<p>Bernard Kroger, founder of Kroger supermarkets</p><br>
<p>Alexander Long, Congressman</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Longworth, Father of American grape culture</p><br>
<p>Joseph Longworth, art collector and patron, son of Nicholas Longworth</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Longworth, politician, Speaker of the US House of Representatives, grandson of Nicholas Longworth</p><br>
<p>William Haines Lytle, 19th century Ohio, general, politician, poet</p><br>
<p>Joseph Mason, artist, who was an uncredited assistant to John James Audubon in illustrating the Birds of America</p><br>
<p>Stanley Matthews, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Alexander McDowell McCook, Union army general</p><br>
<p>Charles Pettit McIlvaine, Episcopal bishop, author, educator and twice Chaplain of the United States Senate</p><br>
<p>John McLean, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>George Hunt Pendleton, Congressman and US Senator</p><br>
<p>Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt, poet</p><br>
<p>Thomas C. Powell (1865–1945), railroad executive and member of the War Industries Board</p><br>
<p>William Procter, co-founder of Procter and Gamble</p><br>
<p>Skip Prosser, Wake Forest University mens basketball head coach at the time of his death, former assistant and head mens basketball coach at Xavier University</p><br>
<p>Tony Scott, professional Baseball player</p><br>
<p>Henry Stanbery, Attorney General of the United States</p><br>
<p>Adolph Strauch, landscape architect, designer of Spring Grove Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Dudley Sutphin, Cincinnati attorney, judge and French Legion of Honor medal winner</p><br>
<p>Alphonso Taft, politician, father of President of the United States William Howard Taft</p><br>
<p>Charles Phelps Taft II, Mayor of Cincinnati and son of President William Howard Taft</p><br>
<p>Louise Taft, second wife of Alphonso Taft and mother of William Howard Taft</p><br>
<p>Mary Lee Tate, painter and teacher</p><br>
<p>John Morgan Walden, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Godfrey Weitzel, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Frances Wright, pioneering feminist, abolitionist, and freethinker</p><br>
<p>Fort Osage  was an early 19th-century factory trading post run by the United States Government in western Missouri on the American frontier; it was located in present-day Sibley, Missouri. The Treaty of Fort Clark, signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808, called for the United States to establish Fort Osage as a trading post and to protect the Osage from tribal enemies.</p><br>
<p>It was one of three forts established by the USA Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories west of the Mississippi River. Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. Fort Belle Fontaine, near St. Louis, controlled the mouth of the Missouri at the Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>Fort Osage ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties had ceded the rest of their land in Missouri to the US. A replica of the fort was constructed on the site between 1948 and 1961. The Fort Osage school district (including Fort Osage High School), which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area, was named after it.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>During their famous expedition up the Missouri River in seeking the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark noted this spot in June 1804, as they camped for the night just across the river:</p><br>
<p>high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high-water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little depth...</p><br>
<p>In the same year Pierre Chouteau, part of the Chouteau fur trading family and an agent for the Osage, took Osage chiefs to Washington, DC to meet President Thomas Jefferson who promised to build them a trading post. Previously Jefferson promoted his plan of expanding Federal trading posts on the frontier as means to remove the harmful influence of individual merchants by "undersell private traders" to make them withdraw from borderlands and "earn the good will of the Indians".</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>William Clark led a team in September 1808 back to the site to begin construction of Fort Osage. In November 1808 Pierre Chouteau negotiated the Treaty of Fort Clark with certain members of the Osage Nation, for the fort to be built for the protection of the Osage. The specific terms of the deal noted:</p><br>
<p>The United States being anxious to promote peace, friendship and intercourse with the Osage tribes, to afford them every assistance in their power, and to protect them from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of the white people, have thought proper to build a fort on the right bank of the Missouri, a few miles above the Fire Prairie, and do agree to garrison the same with as many regular troops as the President of the United States may, from time to time, deem necessary for the protection of all orderly, friendly and well disposed Indians of the Great and Little Osage nations, who reside at this place, and who do strictly conform to, and pursue the counsels or admonitions of the President of the United States through his subordinate officers.</p><br>
<p>In exchange for access to the trading post, the attending Osage agreed to cede all of their lands east of the fort in Louisiana Territory to the US. This effectively left them with a small band of territory on the extreme western border of what is now the state of Missouri. The Great Osage were to receive $1,000 and the Little Osage were to get $500.</p><br>
<p>The government trading post was established in 1808 and removed to Arrow Rock in 1813.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>The fort was officially christened "Fort Osage" by Captain Eli Clemson; he commanded the military garrison at Fort Osage from 1808 until it was evacuated in 1813. It has also been informally referred to as "Fort Clark" in honor of William Clark, who was in charge of Indian Affairs. It was one of the first United States military installations in Louisiana Territory and became a major stopping point for visitors traveling the Missouri. Daniel Boone visited it in 1816, at the age of 82, while on one of his last hunting trips. Sacagawea and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, who had accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also stayed at the fort on their way back north to Dakota Territory after time in St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>Fort Osage was abandoned in June 1813 during the War of 1812 because it was not considered to be under threat. Since most of the war&#39;s fighting was further east and north, the soldiers there were transferred to different locations. After the war the fort was reoccupied in 1815. Fort Osage was for many years a productive trading location, with the first Factor George C. Sibley reporting prosperous trade with the Osage due to goods being sold "at prices less than half what the traders extort from them..."</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>The end of the War of 1812 and the Adams–Onís Treaty removed the threat of Spanish or British-backed Indigenous campaigns against the United States throughout the Louisiana Purchase. As the Osage ceded more and more of their land, the US established a new trading post at Fort Scott, Kansas, closer to the ancestral villages near the headwaters of the Osage River near Nevada, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Fort Osage formally was closed in 1822, but remained a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail and a transit point for supplies going north. By 1836 it had been obliterated; local settlers took its pre-cut wood to use for building houses and barns. The factory house was the last remaining structure, but it burned to the ground, leaving only the rock foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Osage National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists rediscovered the foundations of Fort Osage in the 1940s. The station was reconstructed to portray Fort Osage as it was in 1812 by using the preserved surveys created by William Clark and others. This made restoration to exact specifications possible.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilt post has been designated as Fort Osage National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and operated by Jackson County Parks and Recreation of Missouri. It is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 9:00am to 4:30pm year round.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Osage Education Center, opened in November 2007, contains exhibits about the site&#39;s geology, 19th century natural history, the Hopewell and Osage native cultures, Lewis and Clark, Fort Osage, and the Missouri River. In addition, the location has living history demonstrations about early 19th-century military and civilian life.</p><br>
<p>Shawnee Methodist Mission, also known as the Shawnee Mission, which later became the Shawnee Indian Manual Labor School, is located in Fairway, Kansas, United States. Designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1968, the Shawnee Methodist Mission is operated by the city as a museum. The site is owned by the Kansas Historical Society and administered as the Shawnee Indian Mission State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School served briefly as the second capital of the Kansas Territory, when the legislature was controlled by pro-slavery advocates. The building held that designation from July 16 to August 7, 1855.</p><br>
<p>The Shawnee Methodist Mission is the origin of the Shawnee Mission name used by the United States Postal Service to refer to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area suburban communities in northeastern Johnson County. The Shawnee Mission School District serves those communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Shawnee Indian Mission</h3><br>
<p>Shawnee Indians, along with many other eastern tribes, were moved to present-day Kansas in the 1820s and 1830s. In 1830 Chief Fish, leader of the Shawnees, requested a missionary and Reverend Thomas Johnson, a Methodist minister, was appointed to the Shawnees. Rev. Johnson was born in Virginia and later moved to Missouri. He was proslavery and in fact, a slave owner. Johnson proposed that a school be built to serve many tribes. A site was chosen just west of the Missouri border, where the Santa Fe, California and Oregon Trails passed through the Shawnee lands.</p><br>
<p>The school opened as a day school with one initial building, now the West building, at the present Johnson County location in October 1839. At the height of its activity, the mission was an establishment of more than 2,000 acres with 16 buildings, including the three large brick structures, which still stand, and an enrollment of nearly 150 Native American boys and girls from the ages of 5 to 23. Native children from 22 different tribes were sent to this school to learn basic academics, including English, manual arts, and agriculture. The East building served as the main chapel, boys classroom, and boys dormitory in the attic. The North building was the main location for the girl&#39;s classrooms and bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1854 Kansas Territory was established. Andrew Reeder, newly appointed territorial governor, had his offices at the mission. The first territorial legislature met at the mission, with Johnson serving as President of the legislature. It was during this legislative session that the so-called "bogus laws" were passed to perpetuate slavery in Kansas. In 1858 Reverend Thomas Johnson turned the school over to his oldest son, Alexander, who ran the mission until it closed in 1862. The Mission closed during the era of “Bleeding Kansas” and the “border wars” and served as a Union Soldiers encampment during the Battle of Westport until 1864. The site was private property until it was secured by the Kansas State Historical Society in 1927 as a state site, and was deemed a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<h3>The Shawnee</h3><br>
<p>The "Fish" Shawnee tribe had been removed from its traditional Ohio home to the unorganized territories set aside for Native Americans (in the future state of Kansas) under the terms of the Treaty of St. Louis (1825). The mission was initially built on land near the American Shawnee Indian Tribe reserve in Turner by Reverend Thomas Johnson. He hoped to convert the recently relocated tribe to Christianity.</p><br>
<p>During the 1830s, some of the Shawnees most venerated men, including Tenskwatawa, "the Shawnee Prophet", frequently visited the mission. The Prophet was the younger brother of Tecumseh, who had led a war against the United States earlier in the century. Tenskwatawa led the Shawnee in Tecumsehs absence at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Following defeat in this battle, Tenskwatawa took his men to the British Canadian colonies. He was placed under virtual house arrest for years following the end of the War of 1812. Tenskwatawa was eventually allowed to return to the Shawnee to help them remove from Ohio to Kansas; he died in 1836 at his village (the present site of Kansas City, Kansas).</p><br>
<h3>New mission</h3><br>
<p>The mission was located at its original site from 1830 to 1839. In 1839, the mission was moved and built at its present-day Johnson County location, and an Indian boarding school was opened there. From 1839 until its closure in 1862, the Shawnee Mission served as a manual training school for Native Americans, principally from the Shawnee and Delaware (Lenape) tribes.</p><br>
<p>The Shawnee Mission also served briefly as the second capital of the Kansas Territory. The capital was moved to the mission on July 16, 1855, after pro-slavery delegates to the Territorial Legislature voted to depart the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas at Pawnee. It served as the territorial capital until August 8, when the seat of government became Lecompton. While the capital was located at Shawnee Mission, the legislature promulgated the controversial pro-slavery laws that sparked Bleeding Kansas violence. During the American Civil War, the site served as a camp for Union soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The Shawnee Mission is managed by the City of Fairway through an agreement with the Kansas Historical Society, which owns it. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Spiro Mounds  is an Indigenous archaeological site located in present-day eastern Oklahoma. The site was built by people from the Arkansas Valley Caddoan culture. that remains from an American Indian culture that was part of the major northern Caddoan Mississippian culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the Arkansas River. The modern town of Spiro developed approximately seven miles to the south.</p><br>
<p>Between the 9th and 15th centuries, the local Indigenous people created a religious and political center, culturally linked to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex identified by anthropologists as the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of Mississippian culture which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s during the Great Depression, treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary pre-Columbian artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber.</p><br>
<p>Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the Caddo Nation, but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 20th century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the Oklahoma Historical Society and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>Typically, the history of the Spiro culture is divided into archaeological phases:</p><br>
<p>Evans Phase (900–1050 CE)</p><br>
<p>Harlan Phase (1050–1250 CE)</p><br>
<p>Norman Phase (1250–1350 CE)</p><br>
<p>Spiro phase (1350–1450 CE)</p><br>
<p>Residential construction at Spiro decreased dramatically around 1250 CE, and the people resettled in nearby villages, such as the Choates-Holt Site to the north. Spiro continued to be used as a ceremonial and mortuary center through 1450. The mound area was abandoned about 1450, but nearby communities persisted until 1600 CE.</p><br>
<p>The historic cultures following in the wake of Spiro, such as the Caddo, Pawnee, and Wichita peoples, were less complex and hierarchical.</p><br>
<h2>Mounds and plaza area</h2><br>
<p>Mississippian culture spread along the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries between the 9th and 16th centuries. The largest Mississippian settlement was Cahokia, the capital of a major chiefdom that built a six-mile-square city east of the Mississippi River that now is St. Louis, Missouri, in present-day southern Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Archeological studies have revealed that Mississippian culture extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast, along the Ohio River, and into both the lowland and mountain areas of the Southeast. Mississippian settlements were known for their large earthwork, platform mounds (usually truncated pyramids), surmounted by temples, the houses of warrior kings and priests, and the burial houses of the elite. The mounds were arranged around large, constructed flat plazas believed to be used for ceremonial community gathering and ritual games. Archaeological research has shown that Mississippian settlements such as Cahokia and Spiro took part in a vast trading network that covered the eastern half of what is now the USA and parts of what is now the western USA as well.</p><br>
<p>The Spiro site includes 12 earthen mounds and 150 acres of land. As in other Mississippian-culture towns, the people built a number of large, complex earthworks. These included mounds surrounding a large, planned and leveled central plaza, where important religious rituals, the politically and culturally significant game of chunkey, and other important community activities were carried out. The population lived in a village that bordered the plaza. In addition, archaeologists have found more than twenty related village sites within five miles of the main town. Other village sites linked to Spiro through culture and trade have been found up to a 100 mi away.</p><br>
<p>Spiro has been the site of human activity for at least 8,000 years. It was a major Mississippian settlement from 800 to 1450 AD. The cultivation of maize during this period allowed accumulation of crop surpluses and the gathering of more dense populations. The town was the headquarters of a regional chiefdom, whose powerful leaders directed the building of eleven platform mounds and one burial mound in an 80 acre area on the south bank of the Arkansas River. The heart of the site is a group of nine mounds surrounding an oval plaza. These mounds were the bases of the homes of important leaders or formed the foundations for religious structures that focused the attention of the community.</p><br>
<p>Brown Mound, the largest platform mound, is located on the eastern side of the plaza. It had an earthen ramp that gave access to the summit from the northern side. Here, atop Brown Mound and the other mounds, the inhabitants of the town carried out complex rituals, centered especially on the deaths and burials of Spiro&#39;s powerful rulers.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists have shown that Spiro had a large resident population until about 1250. After that, most of the population moved to other towns nearby. Spiro continued to be used as a regional ceremonial center and burial ground until about 1450. Its ceremonial and mortuary functions continued and seem to have increased after the main population moved away.</p><br>
<h3>The Great Mortuary</h3><br>
<p>Craig Mound—also called "The Spiro Mound"—is the second-largest mound on the site and the only burial mound. It is located approximately 1,500 ft southeast of the plaza. A cavity created within the mound, approximately 10 ft high and 15 ft wide, allowed for almost perfect preservation of fragile artifacts made of wood, conch shell, and copper. The conditions in this hollow space were so favorable that objects made of perishable materials such as basketry, woven fabric of plant and animal fibers, lace, fur, and feathers were preserved inside it. In historic tribes, such objects have traditionally been created by women. Also found inside were several examples of Mississippian stone statuary made from Missouri flint clay and Mill Creek chert bifaces, all thought to have originally come from the Cahokia site in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The "Great Mortuary", as archaeologists called this hollow chamber, appears to have begun as a burial structure for Spiros rulers. It was created as a circle of sacred cedar posts sunk in the ground and angled together at the top similarly to a tipi. The cone-shaped chamber was covered with layers of earth to create the mound, preventing collapse. Some scholars believe that minerals percolating through the mound hardened the log walls of the chamber, making them resistant to decay and shielding the perishable artifacts inside from direct contact with the earth. No other Mississippian mound has been found with such a hollow space inside it, nor with such spectacular preservation of artifacts. Craig Mound has been called "an American King Tuts Tomb".</p><br>
<p>Between 1933 and 1935, Craig Mound was excavated by a commercial enterprise that had bought the rights from local landowners to excavate and to keep or sell the artifacts they recovered. Tunneling into the mound and breaking through the Great Mortuary&#39;s log wall, they found many human burials, together with their associated grave goods. They discarded the human remains and the fragile artifacts—made of textile, basketry, and even feathers—that were preserved in these extremely unusual conditions. Most of those rare and priceless objects disintegrated before scholars could reach the site, although some were sold to collectors. When the commercial excavators finished, they dynamited the burial chamber and sold the commercially valuable artifacts, made of stone, pottery, copper, and conch shell, to collectors in the United States and overseas. Probably, most of these valuable objects are lost, but some have been returned through donation and have been documented by scholars.</p><br>
<p>Funded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), archaeologists from the University of Oklahoma excavated parts of the site between 1936 and 1941. The Oklahoma Historical Society established the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center in 1978 that continues to operate. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as Oklahoma&#39;s only Archeological State Park and only pre-contact Native American site open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</h2><br>
<p>Spiro Mounds people participated in what cultural anthropologists and archaeologists call the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), a network of ceremonial centers sharing the Mississippian culture and similar spiritual beliefs, cosmology, ritual practices, and cult objects. The complex was a vast trading network that distributed exotic materials from all across North America that were used in the making of ritual objects. These materials included colored flint from New Mexico, copper from the Great Lakes, conch (or lightning whelk) shells from the Gulf Coast, and mica from the Carolinas. Other Mississippian centers also traded in these prized resources, but apparently, Spiro was the only trading center that acquired obsidian from Mexico. Using these valued materials, Mississippian artists created exquisite works of art reflecting their cultural identity and their complex spiritual beliefs.</p><br>
<p>When commercial excavators dug into Craig Mound in the 1930s, they found many beautifully crafted ritual artifacts, including stone effigy pipes, polished stone maces, finely made flint knives and arrow points, polished chunkey stones, copper effigy axes, Mississippian copper plates (Spiro plates), mica effigy cut outs, elaborately engraved conch shell ornaments, pearl bead necklaces, stone earspools, wood carvings inlaid with shell, and specially made mortuary pottery. The conch shells were fashioned into gorgets and drinking cups engraved with intricate designs representing costumed humans, real and mythical animals, and geometric motifs, all of which had profound symbolic significance. The Spiro Mounds ceremonial objects are among the finest examples of pre-Columbian art in North America.</p><br>
<p>Later, archaeologists recognized that the ritual artifacts at Spiro were similar to comparable objects excavated at other powerful Mississippian towns that also participated in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. These include Cahokia in Illinois, the largest Mississippian town; Etowah and Ocmulgee in Georgia; and Moundville in Alabama. In economic terms, Spiro seems to have been a gateway town that funneled valuable resources from the Great Plains and other western regions to the main Mississippian ceremonial centers farther east. In return, it received valuable goods from those other centers. Spiro&#39;s location on the Arkansas River, one of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi River, gave the Spiro traders access to the Mississippian heartland.</p><br>
<p>Spiro and other Mississippian towns clearly looked to the great city of Cahokia, in what now is southern Illinois, as a cultural model to be emulated. Located about 400 miles northeast of Spiro near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, Cahokia was the largest and most impressive of all the Mississippian towns. Mineralogical analysis of some of the most beautiful stone effigy pipes found at Spiro, including the famous "Grizzly Man" or "Kneeling Rattler" pipe, have shown they came from Cahokia, based on the material from which they were made. Cahokia also influenced the styles of the artifacts made at Spiro. Archaeologists have identified four distinct styles: the Braden Style characteristic of artifacts brought from Cahokia and the Craig A, B, and C styles that are local derivatives of the Braden Style.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Waring and Preston Holder first defined the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the 1940s, according to a series of distinct cultural traits. Since the late 1980s, archaeologists have adopted a new classification scheme that is based on their greatly improved understanding of Mississippian cultural development. The new scheme divides the SECC into five periods, or horizons, each defined by the appearance of new ritual objects and cultural motifs connected with new developments in politics and long-distance trade. Archaeologists have determined that Spiro was at the peak of its cultural importance in the 13th and 14th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Mississippian iconography</h2><br>
<p>Anthropologists have tried in recent years to interpret the meaning of the ritual artifacts and artistic imagery found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites. While reaching firm conclusions about the meanings of works of art made centuries ago by people of an extinct culture is difficult, they have made some compelling interpretations by comparing Mississippian artistic imagery with the myths, religious rituals, art, and iconography of historic Native American groups.</p><br>
<p>One of the most prominent symbols at Spiro is the "Birdman", a winged human figure representing a warrior or chunkey player. Chunkey has been played by tribes from the far Southeastern Woodlands to the Northern Plains. Based upon historic records, the game consisted of players rolling a stone disk for a considerable distance and then hurling spears as close as they could to the point where the stone stopped.</p><br>
<p>Another Spiro icon is the "Great Serpent", a being said to inhabit the Under World, the spiritual domain on the opposite side of the Mississippian universe. The Great Serpent is portrayed in Mississippian art with a serpent&#39;s body, but also with wings or horns. Similar beings were the subject of myth in historic times among the Micmac, Huron, Kickapoo, Cherokee, Muscogee Creek, Caddo, and other Native American tribes, representing at least three major language families. The spiritual beings of the Under World were thought to be in constant opposition to those in the Upper World. Humans had to fear these beings, according to Native American mythology, but they could also gain great power from them in certain circumstances.</p><br>
<p>Mississippian art also features the cedar tree or striped-center-pole motifs, which researchers have interpreted as the axis mundi, the point at which the three parts of the Mississippian spiritual universe come together: the Upper World, the Under World, and the Middle World where humans dwell. Often, the cedar tree, or the striped-center-pole, is found on engraved conch shell gorgets, with human or animal figures positioned on either side. The concept of an axis mundi—the point where different cosmic domains converge—is found in many cultures around the world. It is frequently represented as a tree (including the Tree of Life), since trees pass through the surface of the earth and connect the subsurface and the sky. The fact that the Great Mortuary at Spiro was built with cedar (or cedar elm) posts suggests that the burial chamber was meant to be a point of departure from one spiritual domain to another, as cedar was a sacred wood.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists found that one of the conch shell cups from Craig Mound had a black residue in the bottom. This suggests that the Spiro people may have practiced a version of the Black Drink Ceremony, a purification ritual that was also performed in historic times by their descendants—the Southeastern tribes. Participants drank a tea made from the Yaupon Holly from conch shell cups.</p><br>
<h2>Caddoan Mississippians</h2><br>
<p>Most authorities agree that the people of Spiro were Caddoan speaking, but their descendants in historic times are difficult to identify. Archaeologists describe the cultures that build and used Spiro and surrounding sites as the Arkansas Valley Caddoan culture. Anthropologists speculate that the Caddo Confederacy, Wichita, Kichai, or non-Caddoan Tunica, could be their descendants. However, the cultures of all these peoples, when encountered by the Spanish and French in the 16th and 17th centuries, were substantially different from that of Spiro.</p><br>
<p>Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie) are recognized by the USA Federal government, cultural anthropologists, and archaeologists as the cultural descendants of the builders of Spiro Mounds.</p><br>
<p>When the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto led a military expedition into what is now the southeastern United States in the 1540s, he encountered Native American groups including the Tula people, who lived near the Arkansas River. de Soto&#39;s forces also encountered numerous Caddo villages. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and Natchitoches, which were all linked by similar languages.</p><br>
<p>At the time of de Soto&#39;s conquest, the Caddoan peoples occupied a large territory. It included what now is eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastern Texas, and northwestern Louisiana. Anthropologists have thought that the Caddo and related peoples had been living in the region for centuries and that they had their own local variant of Mississippian culture.</p><br>
<p>Recent excavations have revealed more cultural diversity than scholars had expected within that region. The sites along the Arkansas River, in particular, seem to have their own distinctive characteristics. Scholars still classify the Mississippian sites found in the entire Caddo area, including Spiro Mounds, as "Caddoan Mississippian".</p><br>
<p>The Caddoan Mississippian region contained many towns in addition to Spiro, including the Battle Mound Site. Scholars have determined that Battle Mound, lying along the Great Bend of the Red River in southwest Arkansas, was a larger site than Spiro. Little excavation has been conducted there to date. The Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the east. They also lacked the wooden palisade fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoan may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Also, their societies may have had a somewhat lower level of social stratification.</p><br>
<p>The Spiro people probably were speakers of one of the many Caddoan languages. The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo, Wichita, Kitsai, Pawnee, and Arikara languages. Wichita and Kitsai are both extinct.</p><br>
<h2>Museum complex</h2><br>
<p>The Spiro Mounds are located within the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center complex in Fort Coffee, Oklahoma. The center features various exhibits and trails, and it offers tours, including a virtual tour.</p><br>
<p>Old Mill State Park is a small Minnesota state park on the Middle River between Argyle and Newfolden on an ancient beach of glacial Lake Agassiz in Marshall County in the northwestern part of the state.</p><br>
<p>It is a 406 acre park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park area was originally homesteaded by the Larson Family in 1882. A series of water- and wind-powered mills were soon built in the area. Eventually a steam-powered mill replaced the older technology. The state bought the area in 1937 and rebuilt the steam engine in 1958. Every year as part of the park&#39;s special events and interpretive programs, the old mill is run as it had been years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Many species are attracted to the river that runs through the park. Deer and moose are the largest animals that frequent the park. Beaver, raccoon, white-tailed jackrabbits and snowshoe hares are common. A bird migration route runs through the park adding more wildlife especially in the spring and fall. The ground-nesting marsh hawk is a common summer resident. Owls and the occasional eagle have been sighted in the park.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>A 25 acre historic district including eight contributing buildings and structures, built by the Works Progress Administration, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Larson Mill is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ridgely State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax. It preserves Fort Ridgely, site of the Battle of Fort Ridgely during the Dakota War of 1862. It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole golf course, which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek.</p><br>
<p>The park was established in 1911. The Civilian Conservation Corps Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and restore it to native prairie.</p><br>
<p>The Frances Ellen Watkins Harper House is a historic row house at 1006 Bainbridge Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Of uncertain construction date, it was the home of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper  from 1870 until her death. Harper was a prominent African-American abolitionist, women&#39;s rights and civil rights activist, and author. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Frances Ellen Watkins Harper House stands in the Bella Vista neighborhood of South Philadelphia, at the southwest corner of Bainbridge and Alder Streets. It is the end unit of three rowhouses between Alder and Warnock Streets. It is a three-story masonry structure with no discernible architecture style. Its front is finished in brick, and the side wall facing Alder is stuccoed. The main facade is two bays wide, except the ground floor, where the main entrance is set in the leftmost of three bays. The ground floor brickwork shows evidence (supported by building documentation) of having been refaced after a commercial storefront had been installed.</p><br>
<p>City building records do not give an indication of when this rowhouse was built. Map and title research indicates that it was here that Frances Harper lived from 1870 until her death in 1911. Harpers life spanned a great variety of activist causes, from abolition prior to the American Civil War to the quest for womens suffrage and African American civil rights in the wake of post-Reconstruction Jim Crow laws. She was a widely printed writer on these subjects, and traveled throughout the North before the Civil War, and in the South as well afterward, speaking on behalf of all of these causes. She also wrote fictional works depicting the conditions of African Americans in the South.</p><br>
<p>The Hill–Physick–Keith House, also known as the Hill–Keith–Physick House, the Hill–Physick House, It is now owned and operated by the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks as a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hill–Physick–Keith House stands in the southern part of Philadelphia&#39;s Center City, freestanding on a parcel bounded by Delancey, Cypress, and South 4th Streets. It is a three-story brick building with Federal styling. It is covered by a hip roof, and has a three-bay main facade whose levels are separated by stone stringcourses. The main entrance is in the center bay, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a large half-round transom window. The interior is well appointed with original Federal period features, including numerous marble fireplace surrounds. It is decorated in with Federal and Empire style furnishings, including some that belonged to its most famous owner, Philip Syng Physick.</p><br>
<p>Physick, born in Philadelphia, was trained in London and Edinburgh in surgery, a skill which he brought back to his hometown. He taught surgery and anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, training an entire generation of new surgeons in the arts he had learned. He was also known for his skills in the operating room, and for the innovative designs of surgical tools he developed.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1786 by wealthy Madeira wine importer Henry Hill. It was the residence of Dr. Physick after separating from his wife, Elizabeth Emlen Physick, in 1815, until his death in 1837. The house later fell into dilapidation. In the late 1960s, publisher Walter Annenberg restored the house and then donated it to the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks. Today the house is the only free-standing Federal mansion remaining in the colonial center of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The house is now operated as a museum, with the garden replicating one of the early 19th century. It is open Thursdays through Saturdays, 11am to 4pm, and Sundays, 12pm to 4pm. The building also serves as the headquarters of the State Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Insurance Company of North America Building, now known as The Phoenix, is a historic commercial building in downtown Philadelphia. Built in 1925, it was for many years the home of the Insurance Company of North America , the nation&#39;s first and oldest joint-stock insurance company. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The building, occupied by INA until 1991, has been developed into condominiums.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Insurance Company of North America Building is located on the west side of JFK Plaza, just north of Suburban Station in Philadelphia&#39;s central Penn Center area. It is a sixteen-story steel-framed commercial building, finished in brick and stone, occupying an entire city block bounded by Arch, Cuthbert, 16th and 17th Streets. It has a 65 ft granite lower level, above which rises a tower of ten uniform stories in brick, topped by a four-story crown. The building was designed by architects Stewardson & Page, formerly Cope & Stewardson, and built by Stone & Webster, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The building was built to house the headquarters of the Insurance Company of North America (INA), then one of the largest property insurance companies in the United States. The company was founded in 1794, and was the nations first joint-stock company devoted to selling insurance. The company is credited with numerous innovations in its long history, including an early grading of marine risks in a standardized manner, and the introduction of homeowners insurance policies that encompassed a variety of different risks. It also played a role in the creation of the agency model of insurance sales. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 in recognition of the company&#39;s historic significance. It was converted to condominiums in 2002.</p><br>
<p>WTP D09 AMP 2.jpgInsurance Company of North America (1925), 16th St. entrance.</p><br>
<p>WTP D09 AMP 1.jpg</p><br>
<p>Insurance Company of North America Historical Marker 436 Walnut St Philadelphia PA (DSC 4239).jpgPennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Marker</p><br>
<p>The Creaser Hotel, also known as the Jane Cody Residence, is a hotel and residence in Republic, Washington and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hotel was built in 1897 by Phil Creaser, who located the Republic and Jim Blaine mines. Located on the crest of Creaser Hill, this building is the oldest frame structure still in existence in Republic, and surpassed in age only by the Kaufman Cabin, built one year earlier in 1896. The building has shiplap siding and a hip roof porch with pierced barge boards and bracketed posts on two sides. When first constructed water was provided by a water tower and gravity feed water system, both of which have now been removed. The building was operated as a hotel until sometime in 1905–1909 by Phil Creaser, at which time it was sold to the George Moody Family. It has since served as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The J. Peter Lesley House is a historic row house at 1008 Clinton Street in the Washington Square neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. A National Historic Landmark, it was for 27 years the home of John Peter Lesley , one of the leading geologists of the second half of the 19th century. The house is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The J. Peter Lesley House is located in Philadelphia&#39;s Washington Square West neighborhood, on the south side of Clinton Street between South 10th and 11th Streets. It is a -story brick building, with a gabled roof pierced in front by a gabled dormer, and flanked on the side walls by chimneys. It is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay, topped by a Federal style half-round transom window. The interior of the house largely retains features of the later 19th century, despite conversion to multiunit residences and back to single-family use.</p><br>
<p>J. Peter Lesley rented this building from 1869 to 1897, using it as his home and office. Lesley served for many years as the State Geologist of Pennsylvania, and was a leading authority on geology related to coal and iron ore, especially in Pennsylvania and surrounding states. His pioneering work A Manual of Coal, published in 1856, demonstrated the relationship between topography and geological structure. He supervised the publication of more than 120 state reports produced by its Geological Survey department, which he also directed for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Lesleys made this address their year-round home until 1885, when Mrs. Lesley was given a house in Milton, Massachusetts. He continued to spend most of his days here until ill health compelled his retirement in 1896, after which he also moved permanently to Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The New Century Guild, now the New Century Trust, is an historic women&#39;s support organization which is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1882, it is one of the oldest and largest organizations devoted to meeting the needs of women in the labor force.</p><br>
<p>From its founding, the organization&#39;s goal has been to address the specific needs of "self-supporting women." Its headquarters building at 1307 Locust Street in Center City, Philadelphia is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1882, Eliza Sproat Turner and other members of the New Century Club formed a committee for working women named the New Century Guild.</p><br>
<p>Its purpose was to provide education and opportunities for working women to learn a vocation. Soon afterward, the Guild became a separate organization and it needed its own building by 1892 to support programs and classes. The New Century Trust was formed in 1893 to facilitate funding for its first building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic headquarters</h2><br>
<p>The Guild headquarters are in a four-story Italianate brick rowhouse built in 1851. It was purchased by the Guild in 1906 from the estate of Dr. Thomas Drysdale. In addition to housing the offices of the guild, it has a library and meeting spaces available for its membership.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993 in recognition of the guild&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mimosa Hall is the name of a plantation house in Leigh, Texas. John J. Webster built Mimosa Hall in 1844. Webster, born in Alabama in 1796, the son of a revolutionary soldier, was an architect. Webster moved to Texas in 1839 with his wife, Miriam Webster, and their children.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mimosa Hall was the first brick house in Harrison County, originally situated in the middle of 7,000 acre of land. Enslaved people made all of the bricks and cut all of the lumber on the plantation. The plantation was primarily used for planting.</p><br>
<p>The family cemetery was on the property adjoining the house. Nestled two miles (3 km) back in the woods, an old brick wall on the top of a knoll surrounds the cemetery. The original family was all buried there, and their descendants still maintain the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The American Museum in Britain has in its permanent collection a quilt made by people enslaved on the Mimosa Hall Plantation. The quilt, c. 1860, is called "The Chalice."</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Today the house sits in the middle of 150 acre and is a private residence. It is registered in the National Register of Historic Places, along with its sister home in nearby Karnack, Texas, which was the birthplace of Lady Bird Johnson. The plantation stayed in the original family until the 1980s when Douglas Blocker sold it. Mimosa Hall was then a bed and breakfast for several years until its owners purchased it to use as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire is the oldest property insurance company in the United States. It was organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 and incorporated in 1768.</p><br>
<p>The Contributionship&#39;s building, at 212 S. 4th Street between Walnut and Locust Streets in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, was built in 1835-36 and was designed by Thomas U. Walter in the Greek Revival style, with Corinthian columns. The portico was replaced in 1866 by Collins and Autenreith, who also expanded the living quarters on the top two floors by adding a mansard roof. A marble cornice between the third and fourth floors was also added.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Contributionship (TPC) was founded in 1752, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It was structured as a mutual insurance organization, providing fire insurance to a limited area in and around Philadelphia. It introduced several key principles that underpin modern insurance techniques, including inspecting properties to be insured and setting rates based on a risk assessment. Buildings not constructed to specified standards were rejected for coverage, and rates could be raised for unsafe living practices, such as storing combustible materials in wooden buildings. The company was also the first to establish a financial reserve to pay claims.</p><br>
<p>Franklin&#39;s newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, first began to advertise the upcoming (April 13, 1752) organizational meeting in its issue of February 18, with a notice that "All persons inclined to subscribe to the articles of insurance of houses from fire, in or near this city, are desired to appear at the Court-house, where attendance will be given, to take in their subscriptions, every seventh day of the week, in the afternoon, until the 13th of April next, being the day appointed by the said articles for electing twelve directors and a treasurer."</p><br>
<p>The company directors first met in taverns and other public meeting spaces, with larger organizational meetings at the courthouse. Its directors finally purchased land for a permanent headquarters in 1835.</p><br>
<h2>Current Day</h2><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Contributionship is still up and running today, offering Homeowners Condo & Renters, Landlord Property, and Umbrella Liability Insurance Policies among other unique coverages. The network of agents has since expanded to serve in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.</p><br>
<p>TPC staffs over 120 employees and has been named a Top Workplace in Philadelphia by The Philadelphia Inquirer for 5 years.</p><br>
<h2>Early directors</h2><br>
<p>Maplewood Park, also known as Seneca Park West, is a landscaped public park in Rochester, New York, situated between Lake Avenue and the Genesee River. The 2 mi park features many trails along the river gorge and the river bank below, scenic views of two waterfalls and a nationally accredited Rose Garden.</p><br>
<p>The park was laid out by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed nearby Highland Park, Genesee Valley Park, and Seneca Park, which is now a zoo.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Frederick Douglass statue</h2><br>
<p>A statue of former slave and renowned Underground Railroad conductor Frederick Douglass which was located in Maplewood Park was vandalized and torn down over the weekend of July 4, 2020. The site of the present-day park was located along the Underground Railroad where Douglas and Harriet Tubman helped shuttle slaves to freedom. The statue is a replica of statue of Frederick Douglass in Rochester, New York. Removal also occurred on the anniversary of Douglas&#39; famous 1852 anti-slavery speech at this location.</p><br>
<p>The Reynolds-Morris House is an historic house which is located at 225 South 8th Street in the Washington Square West neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built between 1786 and 1787 by John and William Reynolds, it is a well-preserved example of a Philadelphia Georgian townhouse.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967, and is currently operated as a hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Reynolds-Morris House stands one block west of Washington Square in Philadelphia&#39;s Center City, on the east side of South 8th Street between St. James and Locust Streets. It is a -story brick building, with a gabled roof pierced by pedimented gable dormers. It is five bays wide, with the main entrance at the center, framed by pilasters and a half-round transom topped by a gable.</p><br>
<p>The walls are laid in Flemish bond, with projecting stringcourses between the floors. Sash windows are set under heavy splayed stone lintels with scoring that is intended to resemble keystoning. The interior spaces are adorned with high quality Federal period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house is a rare example of a double rowhouse, built on two lots in 1786–87 by John and William Reynods. It was sold in 1817 to Luke Wistar Morris, the son of captain Samuel Morris of the First City Troop, of the prominent Morris family, who occupied the house for 120 years.</p><br>
<p>Although it was built as a rowhouse, the neighboring houses were bought and torn down by the Morrises in the early 20th century. The historic home was later transformed into a boutique hotel amid a greater series of renovations during the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Debuting as the Morris House Hotel in 2004, the building was inducted into Historic Hotels of America, an official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, in 2022.</p><br>
<p>Historic RittenhouseTown, sometimes referred to as Rittenhouse Historic District, encompasses the remains of an early industrial community which was the site of the first paper mill in British North America. The mill was built in 1690 by William Rittenhouse and his son Nicholas on the north bank of Paper Mill Run  near  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The district, off Lincoln Drive near Wissahickon Avenue in Fairmount Park, includes six of up to forty-five original buildings. RittenhouseTown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark District on April 27, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Flax was woven into linen in nearby Germantown. When the linen fabrics wore out, the rags were brought to RittenhouseTown to be made into paper. Paper produced at the Rittenhouse mill was sold to printers in Germantown, Philadelphia, and New York City. The Rittenhouse paper mill operated until about the 1850s, by which time the family was leasing its facilities out to other types of manufacturing.</p><br>
<p>Between the years 1890 and 1917, the site was acquired through donations and purchases by the City of Philadelphia&#39;s Fairmount Park Commission. A nonprofit organization called Historic RittenhouseTown, Inc. was founded in 1984 to preserve, restore, and historically interpret RittenhouseTown. The organization maintains offices within RittenhouseTown and offers historic tours, paper making workshops and special events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>RittenhouseTown includes six historic buildings maintained by Historic RittenhouseTown: Abraham Rittenhouse Home (c. 1720); Rittenhouse Homestead (1707); Rittenhouse Bake House (c. 1730); Enoch Rittenhouse Home (1845); Jacob Rittenhouse Home (1810); and another unnamed 18th century Rittenhouse Home. The Rittenhouse Bake House is used for cooking demonstrations. A 20th century barn originally built for the Fairmount Park Commission is now used for paper-making workshops and demonstrations.</p><br>
<p>Most of RittenhouseTown&#39;s buildings are built of stone and finished in stucco, and generally exhibit colonial building methods. They are all that are left of a much larger industrial complex and worker village, of which more than thirty-five buildings have been demolished. The area also includes archaeological industrial remains of some of the mill buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Sully Residence is a historic rowhouse at 530 Spruce Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was briefly  a home of painter Thomas Sully , who lived in Philadelphia for the last 64 years of his life.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Sully House is located in Center City, Philadelphia, on the south side of Spruce Street roughly midway between 5th and 6th Streets. One of several brick rowhouses on the block, it is stories in height, with a gabled roof pierced by a single gabled dormer.</p><br>
<p>The facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay. The entrance is framed by pilasters, and a transom window with cornice above. The trim is all white marble.</p><br>
<p>The building is not architecturally distinguished.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1820, with subsequent construction in 1860.</p><br>
<p>It is one of many homes occupied by the painter Thomas Sully during sixty-four years of residence in the city. Although he was born in England, Sully came to the United States as a child in 1792, and became one of the nation&#39;s most prolific painters of the first half of the 19th century, producing more than 2,600 works in his long career.</p><br>
<p>After living in Charleston, South Carolina and New York City, Sully came to Philadelphia in 1808.</p><br>
<p>It remained his home until his death in 1872, although he is recorded as living at many different local addresses.</p><br>
<p>The Henry O. Tanner House is a historic house at 2908 West Diamond Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was from 1872 to 1888 the childhood home of Henry Ossawa Tanner , an African-American artist who was the first of his race to be elected to National Academy of Design. This rowhouse was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Henry O. Tanner House is located on Philadelphia&#39;s north side, on the south side of West Diamond Street between 29th and 30th Streets. It is a three-story brick rowhouse, set between a similar-height rowhouse and the modern Mount Lebanon Church. It has a three-part picture window with flanking sashes on the ground floor, with the entrance to its left, both devoid of styling. The upper two levels are filled with an oriel window bay, whose exterior has been clad in aluminum siding. The building cornice has also been covered in aluminum, although projecting decorative brackets are visible at the ends. The interior of the building has also been significantly altered since occupation by the Tanners.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ossawa Tanner&#39;s parents moved to Philadelphia in 1866, and were documented living here in 1872. Encouraged by well-educated parents, Tanner embarked on the study of art, enrolling in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1880 and studying with Thomas Eakins. Tanner achieved his greatest success in Paris, where he settled in 1891, in part to avoid the harsh racial climate in the United States at the time. His works won awards at the annual Salons in 1896 and 1897. In 1927 he was elected a full member of the American National Academy of Design, the first African-American to be so honored.</p><br>
<p>Sebastopol House Historic Site is an antebellum Greek Revival house built of concrete, located in Seguin, Texas, United States. Joshua W. Young built it between 1854 and 1856 for his sister, Catherine LeGette. Today Sebastopol is one of some 20 surviving buildings that give Seguin the largest concentration of early 19th century structures in the USA</p><br>
<p>As a result of its unusual concrete construction, Sebastopol House was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey (H.A.B.S.) in 1936, made a Registered Texas Historical Landmark in 1964, and then listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. It is a prime example of the limecrete structures of Seguin. The house is constructed entirely of unreinforced cast-in-place concrete and it is one of the oldest and largest structures in the state using this building method.</p><br>
<p>This process was developed and patented by doctor and chemist John Park, who had moved to Seguin in 1846. But he soon had imitators and competitors, contractors like Joshua Young. Often slaves did the hard physical work, using boards to build forms, kept at the right width (12 to 18 inches) by screws and oak spacers when the limecrete mixture was poured into the forms, and allowed to harden. Then the forms were raised another foot or so and the process repeated.</p><br>
<p>A large part of the "Park&#39;s concrete" mix was caliche, a thick deposit of gravelly clay that underlies Seguin. Usually the caliche was dug out on site, providing a basement level, as at Sebastopol. The caliche was then mixed with sand, lime made from nearby limestone deposits, and organic materials like straw or horsehair. The exterior walls were usually whitewashed, and the interiors often had woodwork or wainscoting of local walnut, oak or pecan.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Zorn Jr. bought the house in 1874 and it remained in the Zorn family until 1961. Zorn was mayor of Seguin from 1890 to 1910, and played a major role in establishing the first system of free public schools in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department acquired the house and grounds by purchase in 1976 from the Seguin Conservation Society, which by agreement had preserved the house until the state agency could get funds for the restoration in its budget. Sebastopol was again opened to the public in September 1989. The house is restored to its 1880s appearance. In 2011 ownership was transferred to the City of Seguin.</p><br>
<p>Bath Historic District is a historic district in Bath, Beaufort County, North Carolina. The district is now a North Carolina Historic Site belonging to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and known as Historic Bath, and includes a visitor center offering guided tours of the Bonner House and Palmer-Marsh House, which is also a National Historic Landmark. Visitors can also tour the Van der Veer House and St. Thomas Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer-Marsh House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark on Main Street south of Carteret Street in Bath, North Carolina. Built in 1744, it is one of the oldest residences in North Carolina, and is a well-preserved example of a large colonial town house with a commercial space built in. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is now a North Carolina state historic site, and is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer-Marsh House is located in the center of Bath, on the east side of South Main Street just south of its junction with Carteret Street (North Carolina Highway 92). It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a brick-faced foundation. It is oriented facing south, with a seven-bay facade that has a center entrance with minimal trim. The other facades have secondary entrances at their centers. The secondary entrance on the street-facing west side opens into a large chamber that extends the full depth of the house, with a parlor and study continuing across the front. The interior retains some original features, including wide pine floors and exposed timber framing.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1744 by Michael Coutanch, who used the large western room as a shop. In later years this space is also said to have played host to the colonial legislature when it met in Bath. In the 1760s it was purchased by Robert Palmer, who served as the royal collector of the port, and was on the governor&#39;s council. In 1802 the house was purchased by brothers Jonathan and Daniel Gould Marsh, whose family owned it until 1915. It underwent restoration by Historic Bath in 1960–62, and was given to the state in 1963; it has served as a museum property ever since.</p><br>
<p>The Terhune House is a historic stone house located at 161 Godwin Avenue in the township of Wyckoff in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983, for its significance in architecture and exploration/settlement. The house was initially constructed in 1737, with the second major renovation occurring in 1776. Terhune family lore suggests that the family were French Huguenots who fled France in the 16th century to pursue their religious beliefs. The family settled in Holland and after two or three generations of intermarrying within the Dutch community they set their sights on Pre-Colonial America. Albert Albertse ter Hune arrived on the shores of New Netherland  from Holland in December 1637. Arriving on the ship “Calmar Sleutel” he settled, for what would become the 1st of 15 generations of Terhunes in North America.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Albert Albertse ter Hune married Geertj and they had seven children. The eldest son Jan Albertse Terhune inherited the family farm near Gravesend in Long Island. It was his second son and third child Albert Albertse Terhune Jr., who purchased some 5,000 acre of land near to what is now Hackensack, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Original structure</h2><br>
<p>The original structure, a stone home, with an outside cellar, and staircase that led to a loft with sleeping quarters, was constructed using Dutch home building methods prevalent at the time of construction.</p><br>
<h2>Sister home</h2><br>
<p>This house was originally a twin to the Van Blarcom House located just to the south. It has been altered by the removal of the original west wall with the first addition being added (early, as the workmanship is much the same). A frame addition was added to the west of the home in 1877. The home was purchased by the Van Blarcom family in 1895.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Several characteristics that identify this beautiful and historic include dual fireplaces in the original house, and "Honeymoon Pines", a gift from the parents of an engaged couple who would soon occupy the home. The original home structure was built with 24 in thick walls mortared with mud, pig bristles, clam shells and stone. The main pilings consist of pine tree trunks. Additions were built in 1877, 1895 and again in 1960. The original home was a gift to an engaged couple who would soon occupy the house.</p><br>
<p>Asilomar Conference Grounds is a conference center originally built for the Young Women&#39;s Christian Association . It is located on the western tip of the Monterey Peninsula in Pacific Grove, California, near what was formerly known as Moss Beach. Between 1913 and 1929, architect Julia Morgan designed 16 buildings on the property, 11 of which remain standing today. The area is recognized as the homeland of the Rumsen Ohlone people.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The conference facilities were originally known as "Guardamar". In 1913, Phoebe Hearst proposed a naming competition, resulting in the selection of "Asilomar." The winning entry was submitted by Helen Salisbury, a Stanford University student, who created a portmanteau from the Spanish words asilo ("refuge") and mar ("sea"). In 1956, Asilomar was incorporated into the California State Parks system, and Moss Beach was renamed Asilomar State Beach after the conference grounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The YWCA Pacific Coast conferences were originally held at the Capitola, California hotel until 1911. Following growth in attendance and a desire to establish a permanent location, Phoebe Hearst hosted the 1912 conference at her hacienda in Pleasanton, California. Proceeds from that event were used to secure land for a permanent site. A committee persuaded the Pacific Improvement Company to donate 30 acre to the YWCA in 1912. In early 1913, it was announced that Julia Morgan, then engaged with the Oakland YWCA building, would also design the new Asilomar campgrounds in the Arts & Crafts style. Construction began in the spring of 1913, and by August, the Social Hall and Longhouses were completed, hosting 300 girls for the inaugural summer program. Merrill Hall, Morgan’s final design for Asilomar, was dedicated in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Several other prominent California women including Ellen Browning Scripps, Mrs. Warren Olney Jr. and Mary Sroufe Merrill were involved in the creation of the retreat.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the State of California acquired Asilomar, and architect John Carl Warnecke was commissioned to design seven additional buildings to expand the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Asilomar was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its role in women&#39;s recreation, the development of the YWCA, and the resort heritage of nearby Monterey, California.</p><br>
<h2>Present Day</h2><br>
<p>Today, the property is officially known as Asilomar State Beach and Conference Grounds and is operated by California State Parks. While it primarily functions as a conference center, it also welcomes individual guests and is frequently used for social events such as family reunions. The grounds remain open to the public. Between 1956 and 1994, the site was managed by various nonprofit organizations in collaboration with California State Parks. Delaware North Companies operated the facility from 1997 to 2007, after which Aramark took over operations in 2009 under a 20-year contract.</p><br>
<p>To maintain its rustic charm, the rooms at Asilomar are free of telephones and televisions, although Wi-Fi has been added in recent years.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, construction began to improve the site&#39;s accessibility in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. These renovations, which continued through 2014, included replacing old asphalt pathways with brick pavers and improving accessibility to several buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Notable conferences</h2><br>
<p>1972 Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference</p><br>
<p>1975: Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA</p><br>
<p>1994: Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (inaugural meeting)</p><br>
<p>2010: Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies</p><br>
<p>1969–2012: West Coast Number Theory</p><br>
<p>2014: International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences</p><br>
<p>2017: Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Asilomar Conference Grounds were featured in the film The Shift (2009) by Wayne Dyer, which was shot on location at Asilomar State Beach.</p><br>
<p>The 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA was prominently featured in the PBS documentary The Gene: An Intimate History.</p><br>
<p>The Indian River Baptist Church is a historic former church building on Maine State Route 187, near its crossing of the Indian River in Addison, Maine. Built in 1853-54, it is one of the community&#39;s most sophisticated architectural structures, exhibiting transitional Greek Revival and Italianate styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The building is now maintained by a local nonprofit organization.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Indian River Baptist Church is located in eastern Addison, on the east side of Indian River Road (ME 187), just north of its junction with Crowley Island Road, and of its crossing of the Indian River near its mouth. It is a modestly sized single-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof topped by a square tower, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The tower is a short two-stage structure centered on the ridge above the front facade, with grouped square columns surrounding an open belfry, and a square louvered cupola with pyramidal roof above. The front facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrances flanking a large central sash window. The entrances are flanked on both sides by paneled pilasters that rise to a full entablature; pilasters are also found at the building corners. The front-facing gable is fully pedimented. The entablature is continued around the sides, which each have three large sash windows. The interior retains original flooring, plaster walls, and pews.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the Indian River Baptist congregation are uncertain, but it had grown by 1853 to accept the land on which this church was built as a gift from Susannah K. Emerson. The church was built in 1853-54 by Norman Ward, a local builder. Since most of Addison&#39;s 19th-century architecture is vernacular residential work, this building stands out for its distinctive Italianate and Greek Revival features. The church is relatively unaltered since its construction; the tower, built 1905-10, is its only major alteration. The church was by then nearly inactive, and the building was maintained by local volunteers, who organized as the Indian Risver Community Association and took over its ownership in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Seneca, formerly known as the Seneca Hotel, is a 10-story apartment complex and former hotel in the Discovery District of downtown Columbus, Ohio. The brick building was designed by architects Frank Packard and David Riebel & Sons and built in 1917, in a prominent location near Franklin County Memorial Hall, where conventions were held. A four-story wing was built on the hotel&#39;s east side in 1924. The hotel closed in the mid-20th century, and it held the Nationwide Beauty Academy from 1960 to 1974. Dormitories held female students for Nationwide and about six other public and private schools downtown. The Seneca became home to the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency from 1976 to 1987. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1991. In 1988, the building became vacant, and remained that way until 2005.</p><br>
<p>The former hotel was renovated from around 2005 to 2008 at a cost of $21 million, including funds directed by the Ohio State Department of Development and the City of Columbus. The building now includes 76 units, including studio, one-, and two-bedroom apartments. Rental units at its opening ranged from $999 to $1,400 per month.</p><br>
<p>Bentonville Battlefield, also known as the Bentonville Battlefield State Historic Site, is an American Civil War battlefield in Johnston County, North Carolina. It was the site of the 1865 battle of Bentonville, fought in the waning days of the Civil War. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bentonville Battlefield State Historic Site is one of more than 20 North Carolina State Historic Sites interpreting the history of the state of North Carolina. The site is located in southern Johnston County, near Newton Grove. The site has a visitors center that is located at the junction of Harper House Road and Mill Creek Church Road (County Roads 1008 and 1108, respectively), roughly at the southwestern corner of the area in which the battle took place, which extends most of the way to Bentonville, and is also the location of the Harper House, the only surviving building from the time of the battle. Evidence of earthworks erected by both Union and Confederate forces is visible in the area. The site also includes an extensive driving tour and walking trails that cover the battlefield.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Bentonville was fought March 19–21, 1865, and was the largest Civil War battle fought in North Carolina. The Confederate defeat marked a serious weakening of one of its last surviving major armies, but was a significant enough engagement that it convinced Union General Ulysses S. Grant to leave General William T. Sherman in North Carolina, in order to further subdue the surviving forces led by General Joseph E. Johnston.</p><br>
<p>The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 2,063 acres of the battlefield from 1990 to 2023. About 1/3 of original battlefield is owned by the state of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to the battlefield can tour a restored Harper House, used as the field hospital for the Unions Fourteenth Army Corps, and includes a reconstructed kitchen and enslaved peoples quarters. Exhibits at the park&#39;s visitor center focus on the battle, and include interactive maps, artifacts and displays about soldiers and commanders from both armies. There is also a 15-minute audiovisual program about the battle. Outdoor exhibits in the park include the Federal XX Corps reserve trenches, the Harper family cemetery, a Confederate cemetery, several monuments, and a 10-mile driving tour with 8 tour stops. The site also features nearly 5 miles of walking trails along original trenches built during the battle.</p><br>
<p>The former Odd Fellows Hall, located at 231 West Washington Row in Sandusky, Ohio, in the United States, is an historic building built in 1889 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. It is also known as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Temple. On May 1, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sandusky had two Odd Fellows organizations in the 19th century: Ogontz Lodge No. 66, founded in 1846, and Erie Encampment No. 27, founded in 1848. Both groups were made up of German immigrants, and the latter originally conducted its affairs in German. The two groups built the lodge hall in 1889. Like many lodge halls of the time, it had business and commercial space on the ground floor while the lodge hall was upstairs. Architect George Feick and his brothers Adam and Philip designed the building, which has elements of the Queen Anne and Richardsonian Romanesque styles.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building is now used for business and office space. Many local attorneys have their offices in it.</p><br>
<p>The Bethania Historic District encompasses the historic planned center of the town of Bethania, North Carolina. A National Historic Landmark District, it is a rare example of a Moravian linear agricultural village in the United States, planned and founded in 1759. Land use and road patterns of the original plan are still discernible in the community. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and is at 500 acre the largest historic district in Forsyth County.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bethania is located on the outskirts of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in the northwestern part of Forsyth County. The area that is now Forsyth County was sold to members of the Moravian Church, who called the area Wachovia. In 1753 they established a temporary community at Bethabara, with the intent of establishing permanent settlements elsewhere on the tract. Planned by Christian Philip Gottlieb Reuter, Bethania was the first permanent settlement laid out and established in 1759 on 2,000 acre of the nearly 100,000 acre Wachovia tract. Reuter&#39;s plan called for a compact village settlement near Muddy Creek, with agricultural areas near the creek and in the uplands above the village. The settlement had four defined areas, each of which was divided into 24 parcels: Residential Lots, Orchard Lots, Bottom Lots, and Upland Lots, reflecting their locations and intended uses. A network of roads was laid out to provide access to these parcels. This basic plan was enlarged as the threat of Native American attack subsided, with new lots allocated into the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The original road layout and usage of a significant portion of the original layout of the community is still visible in Bethania today. The principal through roads and access roads are Main Street, Bethania Road, Bethania-Rural Hall Road, and Loesch&#39;s Lane, with the village center further served by Town Lot Drive. Many of the agricultural lots continue to see agricultural use, although some have been developed into residential subdivisions. Some of the buildings lining Main Street date to the 1760s and 1770s, representing the early development of the town.</p><br>
<p>Historic Bethania operates a visitor center, and provides a map for self-guided walking tours of the town.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandria Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in Alexandria, Virginia. Encompassing all of the citys Old Town and some adjacent areas, this area contains one of the nations best-preserved assemblages of the late-18th and early-19th century urban architecture. The district was locally designated  in 1946 and was</p><br>
<p>declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Alexandria was chartered in 1748, and its city center was laid out as a grid of streets on the west bank of the Potomac River. One of the surveyors involved in this work was future United States President George Washington. The city grew to become a major seaport serving much of northern Virginia, and its streets were lined with Federal style townhouses. The city remained a major port, dealing principally in grain and tobacco, until the American Civil War. Elements of its historic importance as a port continues in the survival of several waterfront warehouses from that period.</p><br>
<p>Other National Historic Landmarks within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Christ Church</p><br>
<p>Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum</p><br>
<p>Other National Register-listed properties within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Bank of Alexandria</p><br>
<p>Alexandria City Hall</p><br>
<p>The district boundaries, as defined by the National Register and the Virginia Landmarks Register, are the Potomac River to the east, Queen Street to the north, Jones Point and the Capital Beltway to the south, and Alfred Street to the west. There are a few extensions beyond these bounds, notably along Washington Street as far north as 2nd Street. The commercial center of the district is around S. Washington Street and King Street. Notable buildings in that area include the Art Deco Virginia Public Service building at 117 S. Washington Street, the Post Office and Courthouse at 200 S. Washington Street, and the Burke and Herbert Bank at 621 King Street. Within this larger district is a smaller historic district as defined by the National Historic Landmark designation, consisting of the central portion of the larger district.</p><br>
<p>Aquia Church is a historic church and congregation at 2938 Richmond Highway  in Stafford, Virginia, USA. It is an Episcopal congregation founded in 1711, that meets in an architecturally exceptional Georgian brick building that was built in the 1750s. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its architectural importance. It maintains an active congregation with a variety of programs and outreach to the community.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Aquia Church is located west of Aquia Harbour and north of Stafford, at the northeast corner of United States Route 1 and the end of State Route 610, just east of Interstate 95. It is set back from the road on a wooded hilltop. It is a two-story cruciform structure, built out of bricks laid in Flemish bond, with sandstone trim elements. The roof is hipped, and a short square tower rises from one end, topped by a cross-gabled roof, circular cupola, and cross. The building corners are quoined in stone, and the first-floor windows are set in rectangular openings with keystones. The second-floor windows are round-arched, also with stone keystones at the tops. The building is set on a 20th-century concrete foundation with a brick water table, replacing its original foundation in 1915-16.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s cruciform plan is not common for colonial period churches, and it is also rare for churches from that period to have a full second story. The church was built on the site of two earlier Anglican churches of Overwharton Parish, which was formed before 1680 by the division of Potomac Parish and received its first permanent minister in 1711. Its exterior was built 1751-55, using sandstone quarried nearby for the trim. In 1757 the building was gutted by fire, and was rebuilt in the surviving shell. The interior is largely original, and has richly detailed woodwork, including one of the finest known colonial period pedimented altarpieces in the state.</p><br>
<p>Bybee Pottery was a pottery company based in Bybee, a community in Madison County, Kentucky, USA. It was founded in 1809 by Webster Cornelison and members of the same Cornelison family continued to make and sell pottery until 2011. Bybee Pottery sold a wide variety of products and encouraged customers to interact with the artisans and tour the building that had survived six generations and the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Located in a vernacular structure with the appearance of a barn, Bybee Pottery was considered the oldest pottery operation in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Employees procured the yellow clay from a nearby source close to the banks of the Kentucky River.</p><br>
<p>The potterys earliest years are undocumented; the earliest clear references to the facility are sales records from 1845, but even this date demonstrates that Cornelison is Madison Countys oldest industry. Pottery was first thrown at Cornelison by a local farmer, James Eli Cornelison, who observed that his farm contained substantial amounts of high-quality clay that was ready for industrial purposes without any preparation. A family cousin, Ron Stambaugh, owned a retail outlet that sold Bybee pottery among other items under the name, A Little Bit of Bybee.</p><br>
<p>The pottery facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as Cornelison Pottery.</p><br>
<p>In February 2011, Bybee Pottery laid off its eight remaining employees, sold off remaining in-store inventory, and suspended operations. While it was neither producing nor selling products at the time, the owners stated that there was product formed that could be fired. new pieces were still being produced, but at a much smaller rate, and sold out of a new shop in Middletown, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The former Odd Fellows Hall, located at 536 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, is a historic building built in 1884 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On April 13, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now The Dance Complex, founded by Rozann Kraus in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1884 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Like many lodge halls of the time, it had business and commercial space on the ground floor while the lodge hall was upstairs.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall is now owned and run by the Dance Complex, which was formed to buy and save the building. The facilities include 6 dance studios and the Julie Ince Thompson Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District in Stone Ridge, New York, United States, is located along US 209/NY 213 in that hamlet, part of the Town of Marbletown in Ulster County. It is a strip from the southern end of the unincorporated community to a short distance north of the intersection at Cooper Street, where the 209/213 concurrency ends. The latter highway turns left  towards the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Main Street&#39;s 70 acres (28 ha) contain 97 resources on 38 separate lots. All but five are contributing properties to the historic character of the district. In 1988, Main Street Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are mostly houses, dating from the 18th and early 19th centuries. The earlier structures are stone houses such as the Hasbrouck House at the districts southern boundary and the 1767 Cornelius Wynkoop Stone House, where George Washington once slept. Later buildings show the Federal and Greek Revival styles, such as the Tack Tavern, the Marbletown Dutch Reformed Church, and the town library (which was once the house of Edward Lounsbery). A few Craftsman and Victorian houses are scattered among the older homes. The entire strip has been relatively unchanged since the early 20th century, with the only significant addition being Marbletowns town hall and accompanying garages.</p><br>
<p>From the earliest settlement of the area, development remained close to what was then the Old Mine Road. There were no side streets because the land on both sides of the road slopes down to unbuildable wetlands. Due to the short setback of the houses and other buildings, the lots—which range in size from one-quarter acre to more than twenty acres—appear smaller than they are.</p><br>
<p>Many houses also have historic outbuildings in their rear.</p><br>
<p>The Ashford Mansion, also known as the Ashford House is a turn of the 20th century residence located in Ashford, Washington. The house was built in 1903, in the Colonial Revival style by Cora Ashford, for whom the town of Ashford is also named. The building was constructed of solid grain Douglas Fir, with a porch enclosing three sides of the main floor and a covered veranda on each end of the second floor. The mansion is located in south Pierce County, seven miles from the Nisqually River Entrance to Mount Rainier National Park. From the time of its construction until 1967 the mansion stayed in the Ashford family. After its sale the mansion served at different times as a private residence, an English-style bed and breakfast, and is currently rent-able for various functions.</p><br>
<p>Naulakha, also known as the Rudyard Kipling House, is a historic Shingle Style house on Kipling Road in Dummerston, Vermont, a few miles outside Brattleboro. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 for its association with the author Rudyard Kipling , who had it built in 1893 and made it his home until 1896. It is in this house that Kipling wrote Captains Courageous, The Jungle Book, The Day&#39;s Work, and The Seven Seas, and did work on Kim and The Just So Stories. Kipling named the house after the Naulakha Pavilion, situated inside Lahore Fort in present-day Pakistan. The house is now owned by the Landmark Trust, and is available for rent.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>"Kipling named Naulakha after the book he wrote with Wolcott Balestier, his good friend and Mrs. Kipling&#39;s brother, about a precious Indian jewel, and it is filled with a trove of their possessions."</p><br>
<p>Etymologically Naulakha means nine lakhs or nine hundred thousand being the amount of rupees incurred for the cost of construction of the building. The Mughal architecture of the monument had inspired him during his earlier stay (between 1882 and 1887) in Lahore.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kipling himself described the building and its construction in his autobiography, Something of Myself:</p><br>
<p>Stylistically the house is an architecturally cross-cultural and distinctive building, resembling in part a South Asian Indian bungalow, albeit executed in the then-fashionable American Shingle style. The property and house were laid out by Kipling to maximize the family&#39;s privacy. Although it has extensive views to the Connecticut River and Mount Monadnock to the east, the house as built had only a single entrance and was only one room deep, with a hallway running along the rear. The house is approached by a tree-lined drive from an iron gate set between fieldstone pillars whose construction Kipling watched. The property includes a number of outbuildings and facilities built by the Kiplings, including a greenhouse, carriage barn, and tennis court.</p><br>
<p>The Kiplings, while on their honeymoon in 1892, visited Caroline Starr Balestier Kiplings parents in nearby Brattleboro. Taken by the countryside, the couple purchased this property from Carolines brother, and had the house built on it in 1893 to a design by Henry Rutgers Marshall, with significant input from Kipling. In 1894, Arthur Conan Doyle visited Kipling at Naulakha, where the two played golf together. The Kiplings lived here until 1896, when a dispute with a hot-tempered neighbor (his brother-in-law Beatty Balestier) led to court proceedings and an avalanche of unwelcome publicity. The Kiplings attempted to return in 1899, but illness on the sea crossing from England frustrated the plan. The property was owned for much of the 20th century by members of the Holbrook family, who in 1992 sold it to the Landmark Trust, a preservation organization that restores historic properties and makes them available to the public. The property has largely been restored to its appearance as of the Kiplings’ ownership, and includes artifacts belonging to the family.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The U-Drop Inn, also known as Tower Station and U-Drop Inn and Tower Café, was built in 1936 in Shamrock, Texas along the historic Route 66 highway in Wheeler County. Inspired by the image of a nail stuck in soil, the building was designed by J. C. Berry. An unusual example of art deco architecture applied to a gas station and restaurant, the building features two flared towers with geometric detailing, curvilinear massing, glazed ceramic tile walls, and neon light accents. It has traditionally held two separate business: "Tower Station," a gas station on the western side, and the "U-Drop Inn," a café on the eastern side. Though it has passed hands several times in its history, the building has consistently housed the same types of businesses it was originally constructed for.</p><br>
<p>Once considered a beautiful and impressive example of Route 66 architecture in Texas, the U-Drop Inn fell into disrepair with the decommissioning of Route 66. It closed for business in the late 1990s. After it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 1997, the building was purchased by the First National Bank of Shamrock, which then gave it to the city. Primarily funded by a US$1.7 million federal grant, the city hired a firm specializing in historical renovation to restore the building to its original glory and adapt it into a museum, visitors center, gift shop, and the citys chamber of commerce. In the 2006 animated film Cars, the fictional town of Radiator Springs was based on multiple real USA Route 66 landmarks from Peach Springs to Baxter Springs; the U-Drop Inns distinctive architecture appears as Ramones automotive body and paint shop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early days</h3><br>
<p>Opened on April 1, 1936, the U-Drop Inn was built by J.M. Tindall using a design created by his friend, John Nunn, who scratched the design on a patch of dirt in the driveway of a nearby motel. In addition to a café, the building housed a gas station that sold Conoco brand fuel and a store. The store was never actually opened as a store, and became a ballroom and overflow dining area for the café.</p><br>
<p>When the business opened, the local newspaper called it "the most up-to-date edifice of its kind on USA Highway 66 between Oklahoma City and Amarillo," with the café considered "the swankiest of the swank eating places." At the time of opening, the U-Drop was the only café within 100 mi of Shamrock, enjoying brisk business and becoming a successful establishment. Nunn sold the Inn after several years, but purchased it back in 1950 and renamed it Nunn&#39;s Café. In 1957, John Nunn died and his wife Bebe sold the café to Grace Brunner who again renamed it, this time to Tower Café, and added a Greyhound bus station.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>After Nunn&#39;s death, the building passed through the hands of a few more owners and the station sold gasoline from various other companies. Up through its closing, the café at the U-Drop was praised for its low-priced and tasty "home cooking".</p><br>
<p>With signing of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Route 66 fell into decline, with segments being bypassed via turnpikes and newer highways. With the opening of Interstate 40, Shamrock became one of the bypassed towns and the U-Drop Inn, which once served thousands of travelers fell into disrepair due to neglect. In 1984, Route 66 was decommissioned by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, seeming to seal the fate of the town and the U-Drop Inn. In 1990, several state and local historical associations began efforts to preserve the architectural landmarks along the old route, particularly the many derelict or abandoned motels.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Called "one of the most impressive examples" of Route 66 architecture by the Texas Historical Commission, the U-Drop Inn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1997. In May 1999, the First National Bank of Shamrock purchased the U-Drop Inn, then gave it to the city of Shamrock.</p><br>
<p>The city of Shamrock began taking measures to revive the neglected structure as a tourist attraction. In 2000, the city hired Phillips Swager Associates of Dallas and, a firm specializing in historical preservation, to begin implementing a phased restoration plan.</p><br>
<p>The company adapted the old gas station and café to act as the communitys chamber of commerce and visitor center while preserving the buildings architectural features and historical authenticity. Old photographs and interviews with residents were used to aid the company in uncovering the buildings original details. They peeled away decades of paint layers and fabric to find the original interior and exterior colors. One of the more difficult aspects was in restoring the neon accents. While historical photographs showed where neon existed, they had all been taken during the daytime when the neon lights were off, making it difficult to determine what color the lights originally were.</p><br>
<p>The restoration also included turning the building into a museum of its own history, giving it the authentic appearance of a working 1940 gas station.</p><br>
<p>In May 2013, the neon lighting of the restored U-Drop Inn was damaged by a hailstorm; the damaged elements were replaced by LEDs in February 2014. The café will serve fountain drinks, coffee and floats in 2014 after many years with no food or beverage service.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>With its glazed brick, "zigzag" motif, strong vertical elements, and the decorative structure, particularly the metal "tulip," the building is considered to be an excellent example of the Art Deco style. Art Deco was most commonly seen in large commercial and public buildings, so its use in a gas station and roadside restaurant was a rare sight. The U-Drop is one of the few Art Deco cafés built in the 1930s, and it stands out architecturally from its peers, as most depression-era cafés had simpler and similar wood-frame and clapboard designs or followed the Streamline Moderne offshoot of Art Deco.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed by John Nunn and architect J. C. Berry. The main buildings were built of structural clay tile with terra-cotta glazed brick. The two towers are clad in stucco with decorative green and gold glazed terra-cotta tiles and cast concrete stepped forms. Designed to attract the attention of the passing motorists, the towers also feature geometric detailing, curvilinear massing, and are outlined with neon lighting added additional character and uniqueness to the building&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the U-Drop Inn held two separate businesses that shared a single interior wall. The west side, commonly called "Tower Station" "is dominated by a large four-sided obelisk rising from the flat roof and topped by a metal "tulip." The tower displayed the station name, Conoco, in all capital letters on each side, with neon lighting on the corners. Vertical-rubbed detailing goes along the base of both towers, as well as two canopies that extend south and west from the western tower. The posts of the canopies were originally encased in decorative glazed tile and vintage metal signs. Between the canopy posts are fuel islands designed to hold three fuel pumps each. 1960s-vintage pumps are situated on the islands, with three on the western canopy and two on the southern. A chamfered corner separates the two canopies. Multiple-pane windows surround the glass doors of the office station, as well as dominating much of the southern side of the building. Situated between the office and the café are two service station bays with roll-up style overhead doors.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the building, commonly called the "U-Drop Inn café" has a similarly designed, three-sided, shorter version of the main tower. Mirroring the "Conoco" wording, it has "Café" written in the same green paint with drop shadowed lettering, and a small ornamental metal sphere perched at its top. Just below the tower, an outstretched metal and wooden sign, added in 1950, displays the name of the building and points towards the recessed entrance. This side mirrors the tiled detail found in the station side, and once had a neon "starburst" around the sign and entryway. Inside the café, the eastern and southern interior walls are lined with booths. The northern wall holds two small restrooms, with the kitchen once located in the northeastern corner. On the southern wall, a recessed doorway flanked by large single-paned windows led into the cafés main dining room. The buildings exterior is painted beige with dark green accents. On the northern facade, the original brick remains unpainted.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 2006 Pixar animated film Cars is set in the cartoon village of Radiator Springs, which was created as a composite of real landmarks and personalities encountered by Pixar artists on multiple research trips on 1,200 mi of the former USA Route 66. Among the buildings and structures based on Route 66 landmarks is a version of Tower Station. U-Drop Inn&#39;s unique design and architecture is portrayed as an automotive body shop owned by the character Ramone, a Chevrolet Impala lowrider.</p><br>
<p>The George Perkins Marsh Boyhood Home, also known as the Marsh-Billings House or Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller Mansion, is the architectural centerpiece of Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park, a National Historical Park in Woodstock, Vermont, United States. The house, built in 1805 and enlarged several times, is historically significant as the boyhood home of George Perkins Marsh , an early conservationist, and as the home later in the 19th century of Frederick H. Billings , a businessman and philanthropist who was a cofounder of the Northern Pacific Railroad. It is also architecturally significant as a high-quality example of Queen Anne architecture, alterations and enlargements commissioned by Billings and designed by Henry Hudson Holley. The house and its surrounding gardens were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967. The 550 acre estate on which it stands was given by Mary French Rockefeller  and Laurance Rockefeller to the people of the United States in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The park also preserves the site where Frederick Billings established a managed forest and a progressive dairy farm. The name honors Billings and the other owners of the property: George Perkins Marsh, Mary Montagu Billings French, Laurance Rockefeller, and Mary French Rockefeller. The Rockefellers transferred the property to the federal government in 1992. It is the only unit of the United States National Park System in Vermont (except for a portion of the Appalachian Trail). The park was honored in 2020 by being placed on Vermont&#39;s America the Beautiful quarter.</p><br>
<h2>Features and facilities</h2><br>
<p>Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park is located just northwest of Woodstock village, on the west side of Vermont Route 12. Opposite it on the east side of the road stands Billings Farm & Museum, a working farm and heritage museum also on land originally belonging to the Billingses. Parking for both properties is located on the east side of VT 12, and National Park Service staff attend visitors at both the farm&#39;s visitor center, and one located on the park property. The area nearest the road is a landscaped area featuring the George Perkins Marsh Boyhood Home, the architectural centerpiece of the park and a National Historic Landmark. Although it was built in 1805, it underwent major alterations under Frederick Billings to achieve its present Late Victorian splendor. Visitors can take guided tours of the house (reservations recommended due to limited availability), which include displays of landscape paintings, including a significant collection of Hudson River School artists, highlighting the influence painting and photography had on the conservation movement. The gardens have also been restored.</p><br>
<p>Extending up the hillside to the west is a conservation landscape of more than 600 acre, through which carriage roads and trails traverse a variety of ecosystems and landscapes. A pond is located near the center of the high valley, and there are several scenic viewpoints accessible from the trails. The property extends westward all the way to Prosper Road, where trailhead access is also provided to the western portions of the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Marsh, a prominent Vermont lawyer, built the core of the main house in 1805, as a fairly typical two-story five-bay Federal style house, and it is where he raised his family. His son George Perkins Marsh was born elsewhere in Woodstock in 1801, and grew up here before leaving for Dartmouth College when he was sixteen. The younger Marsh followed his father into both law and politics, winning election to Congress in 1834 as a Whig, and gaining appointment to diplomatic posts by Presidents John Tyler and Abraham Lincoln. Between the 1830s and 1860s he developed a philosophy of land stewardship which laid the foundation for the conservation movement in the United States with the 1864 publication of Man and Nature, or the Physical Geography as Modified by Human Behavior. This work, updated in 1874, gave a historical assessment of the decline of earlier societies because of a lack of stewardship, and made substantive calls for remedial actions to preserve the natural environment. Marsh died in 1882, never seeing his ideas fully realized.</p><br>
<p>The Marsh estate, then 246 acre, was purchased in 1869 by Frederick H. Billings, a native of Royalton, Vermont who made a fortune as a lawyer dealing with land claims during the California Gold Rush, and was one of the founding partners of the Northern Pacific Railroad, serving as its president from 1873 to 1881. Between 1869 and 1881 Billings commissioned two significant enlargements and alterations to the house, the first adding a wing and a mansard roof, and the second, designed by Henry Hudson Holley, fully transforming the building into the elaborate Queen Anne Victorian it is today. Billings established what he considered to be a model farm on the property, which is now the adjacent Billings & Farm museum. Billings also constructed 14 mi of carriage roads through the upland sections of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The next major owners of the property were Mary French Rockefeller (Billings&#39; granddaughter) and her husband Laurance Rockefeller. The latter, an influential conservation advisor to several United States presidents, donated the house and upland properties to the people of the United States in 1992, the year the park was established. The house is open for guided tours between May and October; a fee is charged, and reservations may be made in advance, because tour size is limited.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park was awarded the first Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of a United States national park by the Rainforest Alliance&#39;s SmartWood program in August 2005. This certification made Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller only the second United States federal land to receive such certification for sustainable forest management.</p><br>
<p>The Emma Willard House is a historic house at 131 South Main Street in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. Built in 1809, it was from 1809 to 1819 the home of Emma Willard , an influential pioneer in the development of women&#39;s education in the United States. Willard established a school for girls at her home in 1814 known as the Middlebury Female Seminary. The school was a precursor to the Emma Willard School, an all girl, private boarding and university preparatory day school opened by Willard in 1821 in Troy, New York. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It now houses the Middlebury College Admissions Office.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Willard House is set on the south side of South Main Street, opposite the main part of the Middlebury College Campus and southwest of the town&#39;s center. The main block is a -story brick structure, four bays wide, with a hip roof and a stone foundation. A two-bay two-story brick ell extends to the rear at a recess from the right site, and a wood-frame ell is attached to this wing. The house has modest Federal styling, with granite lintels above the windows and doors. The main entrance is in one of the center bays of the main block, framed by sidelight windows and a multilight transom window; there is a similar second entrance at the front of the side wing. The interior of the house also has modest Federal styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1809 for Dr. John Willard and Emma Willard; he was 50 and she 22 when they married that year. Emma Hart Willard was born in 1787 and educated at home, developing an interest in teaching at an early age. She moved to Middlebury, where she supervised a girls academy and studied the curriculum at Middlebury College. In 1814 she opened her Middlebury Female Seminary out of the family home to bring in additional income, and operated it there until 1819. In 1818 she proposed a plan for a model womens school to the New York State Legislature, but it was rejected. The people of Troy, New York offered her a building in which to open such a school, which was formally opened in 1821 as the Troy Female Seminary (now the Emma Willard School). In addition to managing the school, she taught classes and wrote textbooks, including volumes on geography and history that saw wide use. She retired from managing the school in 1838, but continued to be active in promoting school reform in general and female education in particular.</p><br>
<p>The Peabody Museum of Salem , formerly the Peabody Academy of Science , was a museum and antiquarian society based in Salem, Massachusetts. The academy was organized in part as a successor to the East India Marine Society , which had become moribund but held a large collection of maritime materials in a museum collection at the East India Marine Hall, built in 1825 on Essex Street. The Peabody Museum was merged with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum in 1992. The East India Marine Hall, now embedded within the latters modern structure, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 in recognition of this heritage, which represents the nations oldest continuously-operating museum collection.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peabody Academy of Science (1868–1915), successor to the East India Marine Society, "was organized in 1868, having received funds... from George Peabody of London... for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in the county of Essex." It was incorporated by "Asa Gray, of Cambridge, William C. Endicott, of Salem, George Peabody Russell, of Salem, Othniel C. Marsh, of New Haven... Henry Wheatland, of Salem, Abner C. Goodell, junior, of Salem, James R. Nichols, of Haverhill... Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, and S. Endicott Peabody.</p><br>
<p>The academy maintained a museum that displayed animals, fossils, minerals, and plants, as well as ethnological artifacts such as weapons, costume, tools, statuary, and musical instruments. In 1915 the Academy changed its name to the "Peabody Museum of Salem."</p><br>
<p>As of 1949 the museum organized its holdings into three departments: ethnology, maritime history, and natural history. The museum&#39;s ethnology division included specimens from Hawaii, Japan, Marquesas Islands, and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The museum displayed its collections in the East India Marine Hall, expanded in 1953 with the Crowninshield Galleries. Museum staff included Ernest Stanley Dodge and Walter Muir Whitehill.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the China Trade Museum of Milton, Massachusetts, merged with the Peabody Museum. In 1992 the Peabody Museum merged with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum.</p><br>
<h2>East India Marine Hall</h2><br>
<p>The East India Marine Hall was built in 1824–25 for the East India Marine Society to house its collection. Design of the building has most recently been ascribed to Thomas Waldron Sumner. It stands on the south side of Essex Street and is now integrated into the body of the Peabody Essex Museum. As built, it was a two-story structure, faced in granite on the front (Essex Street facade), and brick on the sides, measuring about 45 x. The main facade has been preserved; it has six rectangular bays on the main floor and seven tall round-arch windows on the second level. The gable pediment is fully enclosed, with a round window in the tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has been repeatedly altered over the years, losing a significant amount of original detail in the process. The first floor, which was originally occupied by retail businesses, was adapted as a museum space in 1867–69, following its acquisition by the Peabody Academy of Science. As part of this alteration, entrances on the main facade were closed off, and new entrances were added to the east and west. The first floor has since been completely integrated into the newer facilities built by the Peabody Essex Museum in the 2000s. The upper level of the hall, designed as a ballroom and auditorium space, has always been retained as a large open gallery, but lost a significant amount of historic fabric in the 1860s alterations.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, in recognition for its unique place as one of the oldest continuously-used museum spaces in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Rockingham Meeting House, also known as Old North Meeting House and First Church in Rockingham, is a historic civic and religious building on Meeting House Road in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. The Meeting House was built between 1787 and 1801 and was originally used for both Congregational church meetings as well as civic and governmental meetings. Church services ceased in 1839 but town meetings continued to be held in it until 1869. It was restored in 1906 and has been preserved.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 as an exceptionally well-preserved "second period" colonial-style meeting house. The building, owned by the town, is available for weddings and other events under rules established by the town.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rockingham Meeting House is set on the north side of Meeting House Road, on a parcel of land about 4 acre in size that it shares with the towns original burial ground, whose oldest marked graves date to 1776. Meeting House Road is the location of Rockinghams original town center, laid out after the French and Indian War ended in 1763, with the overall victory of Great Britain against France in the Seven Years&#39; War.</p><br>
<p>The building is a large two-story timber-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main (south-facing) facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical but slightly irregular placement of windows around the center entry. The main entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature and triangular pediment. Enclosed two-story gable-roofed stairwell ells extend from the each side of the building, with a similarly decorated south-facing entrance. The main entrance opens into a central hallway, through a floor filled with box pews to the pulpit area, which features the original sounding board. The second-floor gallery, which wraps around three sides of the building, is also lined with box pews. The elevated pulpit area is 7 ft wide, and is accessed by stairs on its left side. The pulpit is one of the few unoriginal elements of the building having been restored in 1906. The only other significant alterations have been to replace windows.</p><br>
<p>The town of Rockingham was first settled by primarily Anglo-American colonists after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. Discussion about the construction of a meeting house began in 1771, and culminated in the construction of a building at this site in 1774. That building remained in use until the construction of the current one, which was approved by the town meeting in 1787. Documentation is unclear about when the building was completed: the first recorded town meeting was held in this building in 1792, at which time it was not complete. The town in that year approved use of the building by local Christian congregations for services.</p><br>
<p>Over the ensuing years, the various church congregations built their own buildings. The original Congregational group ended its services here in 1838, as people&#39;s religious affiliations changed. The building continued to be used for town meetings until a new town hall was constructed in Bellows Falls in 1869. The original pulpit was removed about 1850, and most of the original benches lining the pulpit area were removed. Although the building was vacant for many years, its exterior was maintained. The interior was subjected to vandalism and the theft of artifacts, including door hardware and hand-cut nails.</p><br>
<p>After being unused for many years, the building was restored by the town in 1906. The first Old Home Day and Pilgrimage to the Meeting House was held in August 1907. It narrowly escaped the fire which burned much of the adjacent Rockingham Village on April 14, 1908. A Meeting House Association was formed in 1911 through the efforts of Professor Franklin Hooper, director of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. Hooper was the great-great-grandson of one of the original members of the First Church of Rockingham at its organization in 1773.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000. It is an extremely well-preserved example of a "second period" colonial meeting house, in which the principal entrance was on the long wall. Its setting is still reminiscent of how it would have appeared at the time of its construction. Its landmark designation includes the building, cemetery, and receiving tomb.</p><br>
<p>Rokeby Museum is a historic farm property and museum at 4334 United States Route 7 in Ferrisburgh, Vermont. The 90 acre property includes a 1780s farmstead, and eight agricultural outbuildings with permanent exhibits. Hiking trails cover more than 50 acre of the grounds. Rokeby is open from mid-May to mid-October each year. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 for its association with Rowland T. Robinson, a Quaker and ardent abolitionist who openly sheltered escaped slaves at Rokeby as part of the Underground Railroad. Robinson&#39;s extensive correspondence is an essential archive giving insight into the practices of abolitionists and the operations of the railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rokeby Museum is set on the east side of United States Route 7 in the rural community of Ferrisburgh. The central focus of the property is a cluster of buildings, including the 1780s main house, a smokehouse, hen house, outhouse, creamery, tool shed, and other agricultural buildings. The property also includes foundational remnants of a barn and a school. The main house is a two-story Federal style wood-frame structure, with an older -story frame Cape style ell attached to its rear. What is now the main block of the house was built in 1814; the ell was built as a freestanding house in the 1780s by the Dakin family, who cleared the land. In 1793, the property was purchased by Thomas Rowland Robinson, a Quaker from Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>For almost 200 years, the house was the home of the Robinson family, who were millers, farmers, abolitionists, authors, naturalists, and artists. In the 1830s and 1840s, under the auspices of Rowland Thomas Robinson, Rokeby served as a safe house along the Underground Railroad. Letters from the family of Rowland T. and Rachel Gilpin Robinson, devout Quakers and radical abolitionists, mention fugitive slaves by name and in some detail. The record of their correspondence gives an important view into the practices and methods of abolitionists and details about the operation of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Rowland Robinson, a son of Rowland T. and Rachael Robinson, spent most of his life at Rokeby and became a celebrated author. Rowland Robinson&#39;s daughter Rachael Robinson Elmer was raised at Rokeby and was a celebrated artist.</p><br>
<p>Rokeby was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Delia Webster, abolitionist and teacher</p><br>
<p>Rachael Robinson Elmer, painter</p><br>
<p>Rowland Robinson, author</p><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel, built between 1931 and 1932, is an historic Mediterranean Revival building located on the campus of Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, in the United States. On December 8, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter placed the Knowles Chapel at Rollins College on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel was given to Rollins College by Frances Knowles Warren in memory of her father, Francis Bangs Knowles (1823–1890), one of the founders of both Rollins College and the city of Winter Park. It was designed by church and collegiate architect, Ralph Adams Cram, who considered it his favorite of the more than 75 churches and cathedrals he had designed. In the summer of 2007 it underwent a masonry restoration paid for by a trust set up by Frances Knowles Warren.</p><br>
<h3>Organ</h3><br>
<p>The chapel organ was built in 1932 by organ builder, Ernest M. Skinner. In the mid 1950s it was renovated by Skinner&#39;s firm, Aeolian-Skinner. Between 1999 and 2002 the organ was completely overhauled and renovated by Randall Dyer & Associates. At the same time the Dyer firm also built and installed a "completely new, free-standing antiphonal organ at the rear of the balcony and surrounding the Rose Window." Deeply involved in the work by the Dyer firm was its associate, John J. Tyrrell, former president of Aeolian-Skinner.</p><br>
<h3>Stained Glass</h3><br>
<p>The rose window at the rear depicts the seven liberal arts and is a collaboration between Cram and stained-glass artist William Herbert Burnham.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel continues to be used as the Rollins College Chapel and its dean is the pastor of the college. The chapel is also the venue for many musical events, especially during the annual Bach Festival of Winter Park.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Rhode Island Site is the partially preserved location of the Battle of Rhode Island, fought August 29, 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. The battle took place in the town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, located on Aquidneck Island north of Newport, and was the only major action of the war that took place in Rhode Island. It was also significant as the only battle of the war in which an entirely segregated unit of African-American soldiers fought. At the time of the action, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment consisted of companies of locally recruited African Americans and Native Americans with white officers. The two main areas associated with the battle were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1776, a British force occupied Newport, Rhode Island. France decided to enter the war as an ally of the United States following the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in September and October 1777. The two militaries then sought possibilities for working together to defeat the British in North America. The first significant effort in this regard took place in July 1778, when a French fleet commanded by the Comte dEstaing arrived off the east coast of North America. The ships originally were ordered to blockade Delaware Bay, but dEstaing altered his target to New York City after learning that the British had evacuated the city of Philadelphia. However, he concluded that the bar at the mouth of New York Harbor was such that his largest ships could not safely enter. As a result, French and American military leaders decided to operate against the British at Newport.</p><br>
<p>American Continental Army forces were dispatched to Rhode Island, and militia were raised from surrounding states to assist in the effort. A storm arose at a critical moment when the French and British fleets were about to do battle, scattering both fleets. By this time, the American forces led by Major General John Sullivan had already occupied the northern end of Aquidneck Island (called Rhode Island at the time). The French fleet withdrew on August 22 to Boston to repair, while Sullivan engaged in preliminary siege operations against Newport.</p><br>
<p>The French withdrawal prompted an exodus of militia from the American camp. News also arrived that a relief force was being organized by the British in New York, so Sullivan decided to withdraw from Aquidneck Island. Newport&#39;s British commander Major General Robert Pigot led his forces out of Newport in pursuit and engaged the American forces on August 29 in the Battle of Rhode Island. The battle was tactically inconclusive in its outcome. The British failed to overwhelm the American force, which continued its orderly retreat from the island.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield</h2><br>
<p>The main area in which the battle was fought is a valley bounded by Lehigh Hill to the north and Turkey and Almy Hills to the south, an area of about 365 acre. This area is sparsely populated today, and had few structures at the time of the battle. Turkey Hill was one of the major objectives of the British advance, and Lehigh Hill was one of the anchors of the American line. Barker Brook was an area that saw intense fighting, now largely obscured due to the construction of Rhode Island Route 24.</p><br>
<p>The second site of importance was Butts Hill which is located about 0.5 mi northeast of the battle area. It was fortified with earthworks and served as a command post and fall-back defensive position for the Americans. Its earthworks are well defined and roughly 500 ft by 250 ft and are still in good condition.</p><br>
<h2>African-American participation</h2><br>
<p>The 1st Rhode Island Regiment was raised in early 1778 as a specifically African-American unit in order to help meet the states obligations for manning the Continental Army. The unit joined Sullivans force in Providence in July 1778 and participated in the occupation of Aquidneck Island. When the battle lines were drawn, the 1st Rhode Island was placed on Turkey Hill, the rightmost end of the American front line. The British made three separate assaults on Turkey Hill and were repulsed each time. The 1st Rhode Island suffered relatively light casualties with one killed and ten wounded, despite the severity of the action. This is attributed at least in part to the strong defensive position afforded by the hill.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island legislature repealed the act allowing African Americans to enlist in June 1778. The unit thereafter began to lose membership due to attrition and combat, which was compensated for by adding white recruits. Rhode Island&#39;s two regiments merged in January 1780, resulting in an integrated unit for the remainder of the war.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The battleground site and the fort at Butts Hill were declared National Historic Landmarks and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The site includes two separate areas. The principal battle site is roughly centered at 41.596&deg; latitude, -71.263&deg; longitude, and Butts Hill (41.615506&deg; latitude, -71.250815&deg; longitude) is also preserved, one of the high points on Aquidneck Island.</p><br>
